ARM (processorarkitektur)

For alternative betydninger, se arm (flertydig). (Se også artikler, som begynder med arm)
ARM udgaven StrongARM.

ARM, tidligere Advanced RISC Machines og endnu tidligere Acorn RISC Machine, er en RISC-mikroprocessorarkitektur. ARM-arkitekturen er den mest anvendte 32-bit-arkitektur efter antal producerede enheder. I 2011 blev ARMv8-A arkitekturen udgivet med support for 64-bit adresserum og 64-bit aritmetik med dets nye 32-bit instruktionssæt med fast længde.

ARM-processoren var en af de første RISC-processorer og var fra starten kraftfuld; det var muligt at udføre en instruktion for hver anden klokcyklus. ARM-processoren har en særlig "ren" RISC-implementation og den anses for at være en af de mest elegante moderne mikroprocessorer. Den bliver også anvendt i de udbredte ARM mikrocontrollere.

En af meddesignerne af ARM-arkitekturen er Steve Furber, som har fået en Britisk ærestitel.

ARM1 og ARM2 var og er sikkert de mindste CPUer med 32 bit databus der findes. De blev udviklet i perioden 1984-1987. ARM1 og ARM2 har kun hhv. 25.000 og 30.000 transistorer, hvilket er medvirkende til det særligt lave energiforbrug. Motorolas ældre 16/32-bit-processor 68000 har til sammenligning 68.000 transistorer.

ARM2 blev anvendt i Acorn Archimedes PCen, som kunne købes fra 1987.

Intels xScale anvender ARM-arkitekturen.

ARM-kerner

Arkitektur Kerne
bit-bredde		 Kerneapplikation Profil Refe-
rencer
Arm Ltd. Tredjepart
ARMv1
ARM1
Klassisk
ARMv2
32
ARM2, ARM250, ARM3Amber, STORM Open Soft Core
Klassisk
ARMv3
32
ARM6, ARM7
Klassisk
ARMv4
32
ARM8StrongARM, FA526, ZAP Open Source Processor Core
Klassisk
ARMv4T
32
ARM7TDMI, ARM9TDMI, SecurCore SC100
Klassisk
ARMv5TE
32
ARM7EJ, ARM9E, ARM10EXScale, FA626TE, Feroceon, PJ1/Mohawk
Klassisk
ARMv6
32
ARM11
Klassisk
ARMv6-M
32
ARM Cortex-M0, ARM Cortex-M0+, ARM Cortex-M1, SecurCore SC000
ARMv7-M
32
ARM Cortex-M3, SecurCore SC300Apple M7 motion coprocessor
Mikrocontroller
ARMv7E-M
32
ARM Cortex-M4, ARM Cortex-M7
Mikrocontroller
ARMv8-M
32
ARM Cortex-M23, ARM Cortex-M33
Mikrocontroller
ARMv8.1-M
32
 ARM Cortex-M55, ARM Cortex-M85
Microcontroller
ARMv7-R
32
ARM Cortex-R4, ARM Cortex-R5, ARM Cortex-R7, ARM Cortex-R8
ARMv8-R
32
ARM Cortex-R52
Realtid
64
 ARM Cortex-R82
Realtid
ARMv7-A
32
ARM Cortex-A5, ARM Cortex-A7, ARM Cortex-A8, ARM Cortex-A9, ARM Cortex-A12, ARM Cortex-A15, ARM Cortex-A17Qualcomm Scorpion/Krait, PJ4/Sheeva, Apple Swift (Apple A6, Apple A6X)
ARMv8-A
32
ARM Cortex-A32
Applikation
64/32
ARM Cortex-A35, ARM Cortex-A53, ARM Cortex-A57, ARM Cortex-A72, ARM Cortex-A73X-Gene, Nvidia Denver 1/2, Cavium ThunderX, AMD K12, Apple Cyclone (Apple A7)/Typhoon (Apple A8, Apple A8X)/Twister (Apple A9, Apple A9X)/Hurricane+Zephyr (Apple A10, Apple A10X), Qualcomm Kryo, Samsung M1/M2 ("Mongoose") /M3 ("Meerkat")
Applikation
ARM Cortex-A34
Applikation
ARMv8.1-A
64/32
Cavium ThunderX2
Applikation
ARMv8.2-A
64/32
ARM Cortex-A55, ARM Cortex-A75, ARM Cortex-A76, ARM Cortex-A77, ARM Cortex-A78, ARM Cortex-X1, ARM Neoverse N1 Nvidia Carmel, Samsung M4 ("Cheetah"), Fujitsu A64FX (ARMv8 SVE 512-bit)
Applikation
64
ARM Cortex-A65, ARM Neoverse E1 med samtidig multithreading (SMT), ARM Cortex-A65AEApple Monsoon+Mistral (Apple A11) (September 2017)
Applikation
ARMv8.3-A
64/32
Applikation
64
Apple Vortex+Tempest (Apple A12, Apple A12X, Apple A12Z), Marvell ThunderX3 (v8.3+)
Applikation
ARMv8.4-A
64/32
Applikation
64
ARM Neoverse V1Apple Lightning+Thunder (Apple A13), Apple Firestorm+Icestorm (Apple A14, Apple M1)
Applikation
ARMv8.5-A
64/32
Applikation
64
Applikation
ARMv8.6-A
64
 Apple Avalanche+Blizzard (Apple A15, Apple M2), Apple Everest+Sawtooth (Apple A16), Apple Coll (Apple A17), Apple Ibiza/Lobos/Palma (Apple M3)
Applikation
ARMv8.7-A
64
Applikation
ARMv8.8-A
64
Applikation
ARMv8.9-A
64
Applikation
ARMv9.0-A
64
 ARM Cortex-A510, ARM Cortex-A710, ARM Cortex-A715, ARM Cortex-X2, ARM Cortex-X3, ARM Neoverse E2, ARM Neoverse N2, ARM Neoverse V2
Applikation
ARMv9.1-A
64
Applikation
ARMv9.2-A
64
 ARM Cortex-A520, ARM Cortex-A720, ARM Cortex-X4, ARM Neoverse V3, ARM Cortex-X925, ARM Cortex-A320 Apple Donan/BravaChop/Brava (Apple M4), Apple Tupai/Tahiti (Apple A18)
Applikation
ARMv9.3-A
64
 TBA
Applikation
ARMv9.4-A
64
 TBA
Applikation
ARMv9.5-A
64
 TBA
Applikation
ARMv9.6-A
64
 TBA
Applikation
  1. 1 2 Selvom de fleste cpu-busbredder og CPU-registre i de tidlige ARM-processorer var 32-bit, var adresserbar hukommelse begrænset til 26 bit; hvor de øvre bits derefter blev brugt til statusflag i programtællerregisteret.
  2. 1 2 3 ARMv3 inkluderede en kompatibilitetstilstand til at understøtte 26-bit adresser fra tidligere versioner af arkitekturen. Denne kompatibilitetstilstand var valgfri i ARMv4 og fjernet helt i ARMv5.

Se også

Kilder/referencer

  1. ↑ Arm Holdings (27. oktober 2011). "ARM Discloses Technical Details of the Next Version of the ARM Architecture". Pressemeddelelse.
  2. ↑ 29 December 2007, BBC News: Home computing pioneer honoured Arkiveret 31. december 2007 hos Wayback Machine Citat: "...Steve Furber, of the University of Manchester, was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)....The scientist also helped design the ARM processor, a type of chip that dominates mobile electronics [i dag]...ARM processors have become popular for portable electronics because of their efficient use of power..."
  3. 1 2 28 Nov 2015, theregister: Meet ARM1, grandfather of today's mobe, tablet CPUs – watch it crunch code live in a browser Arkiveret 29. maj 2020 hos Wayback MachineCitat: "...More or less, the 32-bit RISC ARM instruction set hasn't changed too much since the mid-1980s; a more compact instruction set called Thumb was introduced by ARM for handhelds and small embedded gizmos, and the 64-bit ARMv8 instruction set, launched in 2011, resembles MIPS64..."
  4. ↑ Nolting, Stephan. "STORM CORE Processor System" (PDF). OpenCores. Hentet 1. april 2014.
  5. ↑ ZAP på GitHub
  6. ↑ "Cortex-M23 Processor". ARM. Hentet 27. oktober 2016.
  7. ↑ "Cortex-M33 Processor". ARM. Hentet 27. oktober 2016.
  8. ↑ "ARMv8-M Architecture Simplifies Security for Smart Embedded". ARM. Hentet 10. november 2015.
  9. ↑ Ltd, Arm. "M-Profile Architectures". Arm | The Architecture for the Digital World (engelsk). Hentet 2023-08-29.
  10. ↑ "ARMv8-R Architecture". Hentet 10. juli 2015.
  11. ↑ Craske, Simon (oktober 2013). "ARM Cortex-R Architecture" (PDF). Arm Holdings. Arkiveret fra originalen (PDF) 6. april 2014. Hentet 1. februar 2014.
  12. ↑ Smith, Ryan (20. september 2016). "ARM Announces Cortex-R52 CPU: Deterministic & Safe, for ADAS & More". AnandTech. Arkiveret fra originalen 1. januar 2019. Hentet 20. september 2016.
  13. ↑ ARM Cortex-R82
  14. ↑ "Cortex-A32 Processor". ARM. Hentet 10. oktober 2019.
  15. ↑ "Cortex-A35 Processor". ARM. Hentet 10. november 2015.
  16. ↑ Arm Holdings. "ARM Launches Cortex-A50 Series, the World's Most Energy-Efficient 64-bit Processors". Pressemeddelelse.
  17. ↑ "Cortex-A72 Processor". ARM. Hentet 10. juli 2015.
  18. ↑ "Cortex-A73 Processor". ARM. Hentet 2. juni 2016.
  19. ↑ "ARMv8-A Architecture". Hentet 10. juli 2015.
  20. ↑ Grisenthwaite, Richard (2011). "ARMv8-A Technology Preview" (PDF). Arkiveret fra originalen (PDF) 11. november 2011. Hentet 31. oktober 2011.
  21. ↑ "Cavium Thunder X ups the ARM core count to 48 on a single chip". Semiaccurate. SemiAccurate. 3. juni 2014. Arkiveret fra originalen 6. marts 2018. Hentet 9. december 2014.
  22. ↑ "Cavium at Supercomputing 2014". Yahoo Finance. 17. november 2014. Arkiveret fra originalen 16. oktober 2015. Hentet 15. januar 2017.
  23. ↑ Burt, Jeff (17. november 2014). "Cray to Evaluate ARM Chips in Its Supercomputers". eWeek.
  24. ↑ "Samsung Announces Exynos 8890 with Cat.12/13 Modem and Custom CPU". AnandTech. Arkiveret fra originalen 1. januar 2019. Hentet 1. august 2025.
  25. ↑ "Cortex-A34 Processor". ARM. Hentet 10. oktober 2019.
  26. ↑ "D21500 [AARCH64] Add support for Broadcom Vulcan". reviews.llvm.org.
  27. ↑ "Cortex-A55 Processor". ARM. Hentet 29. maj 2017.
  28. ↑ "Cortex-A75 Processor". ARM. Hentet 29. maj 2017.
  29. ↑ "Cortex-A76 Processor". ARM. Hentet 11. oktober 2018.
  30. ↑ Berenice Mann (april 2017). "ARM Architecture – ARMv8.2-A evolution and delivery". community.ARM.com.
  31. ↑ Frumusanu, Andrei. "Samsung Announces the Exynos 9825 SoC: First 7nm EUV Silicon Chip". AnandTech. Arkiveret fra originalen 7. august 2019. Hentet 11. oktober 2019.
  32. ↑ "Fujitsu began to produce Japan's billions of super-calculations with the strongest ARM processor A64FX". China IT News. Arkiveret fra originalen 20. juni 2019. Hentet 17. august 2019. ARMv8 SVE (Scalable Vector Extension) chip, which uses 512bit floating point.
  33. ↑ "Cortex-A65AE – ARM". ARM. Hentet 8. april 2020. can execute two-threads in parallel on each cycle. Each thread can be at different exception levels and run different operating systems.
  34. ↑ Frumusanu, Andrei. "Marvell Announces ThunderX3: 96 Cores & 384 Thread 3rd Gen ARM Server Processor". AnandTech. Arkiveret fra originalen 29. december 2022. Hentet 26. maj 2020.
  35. ↑ "AArch64: add support for newer Apple CPUs · apple/llvm-project@677da09". GitHub (engelsk). Hentet 2022-09-23.
  36. ↑ "New features for the Armv8-A architecture - Architectures and Processors blog - Arm Community blogs - Arm Community". community.arm.com (engelsk). 21. september 2020. Hentet 2021-12-28.
  37. ↑ "Arm's solution to the future needs of AI, security and specialized computing is v9". Arm. Hentet 2021-08-16.
  38. ↑ "First Armv9 Cortex CPUs for Consumer Compute". community.arm.com. 25. maj 2021. Hentet 2021-08-16.
  39. ↑ "Documentation – Arm Developer". developer.arm.com. Hentet 2024-10-03.
  40. ↑ "Documentation – Arm Developer". developer.arm.com. Hentet 2024-10-03.
  41. ↑ "Documentation – Arm Developer". developer.arm.com. Hentet 2024-10-03.
  42. ↑ "Apple M4 Support Added To The LLVM Compiler, Confirming Its ISA Capabilities". www.phoronix.com (engelsk). Hentet 2024-06-15.
  43. ↑ "Arm A-Profile Architecture Developments 2021 - Architectures and Processors blog - Arm Community blogs - Arm Community". community.arm.com (engelsk). 2021-09-08. Hentet 2023-09-25.
  44. ↑ "Arm A-Profile Architecture Developments 2022 - Architectures and Processors blog - Arm Community blogs - Arm Community". community.arm.com (engelsk). 2022-09-29. Hentet 2023-09-25.
  45. ↑ "Arm A-Profile Architecture Developments 2023 - Architectures and Processors blog - Arm Community blogs - Arm Community". community.arm.com (engelsk). 2022-09-29. Hentet 2024-10-11.
  46. ↑ "Arm A-Profile Architecture Developments 2024 - Architectures and Processors blog - Arm Community blogs - Arm Community". community.arm.com (engelsk). 2022-09-29. Hentet 2024-10-11.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Wikimedia Commons har medier relateret til: