1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries

1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries
← 1984
February 8 to June 14, 1988
1992 →
4,105 delegates to the Democratic National Convention
2,053 (majority) votes needed to win
 
Candidate Michael Dukakis Jesse Jackson Al Gore
Home state Massachusetts South Carolina Tennessee
Delegate count 1,726.5 1,056 375
Contests won 30 13 7
Popular vote 9,705,590 6,732,778 3,124,278
Percentage 42.17% 29.26% 13.58%
 
Candidate Paul Simon Dick Gephardt
Home state Illinois Missouri
Delegate count 147 126
Contests won 1 3
Popular vote 1,078,112 1,432,080
Percentage 4.68% 6.22%
Previous Democratic nominee

Walter Mondale

 Democratic nominee

Michael Dukakis

From February 8 to June 14, 1988, voters of the Democratic Party chose its nominee for president in the 1988 United States presidential election. Massachusetts governor Michael Dukakis was selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses culminating in the 1988 Democratic National Convention held from July 18 to July 21, 1988, in Atlanta, Georgia.

Background

Having been badly defeated in the 1984 presidential election, the Democrats in 1985 and 1986 were eager to find a new approach to win the presidency. They created the Democratic Leadership Council (DLC), with the aim of recruiting a candidate for the 1988 election.[citation needed]

The large gains in the 1986 mid-term elections (which resulted in the Democrats taking back control of the Senate after six years of Republican rule) and the continuing Iran–Contra affair gave Democrats confidence in the run-up to the primary season.[citation needed]

Pre-primary events

The Hart-Rice affair

The Democratic front-runner for most of 1987 was former Colorado Senator Gary Hart. Hart had made a strong showing in the 1984 primaries and, after Mondale's defeat in the presidential election, had positioned himself as the moderate centrist many Democrats felt their party would need to win.

However, questions and rumors about possible extramarital affairs and about past debts dogged Hart's campaign. One of the great myths is that Senator Hart challenged the media to "put a tail" on him and that reporters then took him up on that challenge. In fact, Hart had told E. J. Dionne of The New York Times that if reporters followed him around, they would "be bored". However, in a separate investigation, the Miami Herald claimed to have received an anonymous tip from a friend of Donna Rice that Rice was involved with Hart. It was only after Hart had been discovered that the Herald reporters found Hart's quote in a pre-print of The New York Times Magazine.

On May 8, 1987, a week after the Donna Rice story broke, Hart dropped out of the race.

In December 1987, Hart surprised many political pundits by resuming his presidential campaign. He again led in the polls for the Democratic nomination, both nationally and in Iowa. However, the allegations of adultery and reports of irregularities in his campaign financing had delivered a fatal blow to his candidacy, and he fared poorly in the early primaries before dropping out again.

The Hart scandal would later be depicted in the 2018 film The Front Runner, with Hugh Jackman portraying Hart.

Biden plagiarism scandals

Delaware Senator Joe Biden led a highly competitive campaign which ended in controversy after he was accused of plagiarizing a speech by Neil Kinnock, then-leader of the British Labour Party. Though Biden had correctly credited the original author in all speeches but one, the one of which he failed to make mention of the originator was caught on video and sent to the press by members of the Dukakis campaign. In the video Biden is filmed repeating a stump speech by Kinnock, with only minor modifications. Michael Dukakis later acknowledged that his campaign was responsible for leaking the tape, and two members of his staff resigned.

It was also reported that Biden had been guilty of plagiarism years before, while a student at the Syracuse University College of Law in the 1960s. Though Biden professed his integrity, the impression lingering in the media as the result of this double punch would lead him to drop out of the race. He formally suspended his campaign on September 28, 1987.

The Delaware Supreme Court's Board on Professional Responsibility would later clear Biden of the law school plagiarism charges.

After campaigns in 2008 and 2020, Biden was elected the 47th vice president in 2008 and 2012 and the 46th president in 2020.

Overview

Active campaign Exploratory committee
 Withdrawn candidate Democratic National Convention
Midterm elections Debates


 Primaries

Candidates

Nominee

Candidate Most recent office Home state Campaign Delegates won Popular vote Contests won Running mate
Michael Dukakis Governor
of Massachusetts
(1975–1979, 1983–1991)		 Massachusetts
Massachusetts

(Campaign)
Secured nomination:
June 7, 1988		 1,726.5
(48.77%)		 9,705,590
(42.18%)		 30 Lloyd Bentsen

Eliminated at convention

Candidate Most recent office Home state Campaign
Withdrawal date		 Delegates won Popular vote Contests won
Jesse Jackson President of PUSH
(1971–2023)		 South Carolina
South Carolina
(Campaign)
Lost at convention:
July 21, 1988		 1,056
(29.83%)		 6,732,778
(29.26%)		 13

Withdrew during primaries

Candidate Most recent office Home state Campaign
Withdrawal date		 Delegates won Popular vote Contests won
Al Gore U.S. Senator
from Tennessee
(1985–1993)		 Tennessee
Tennessee
(Campaign)
Withdrew:
April 21, 1988		 375
(9.44%)		 3,124,278
(13.58%)		 7
Paul Simon U.S. Senator
from Illinois
(1985–1997)		 Illinois
Illinois
(Campaign)
Withdrew:
April 7, 1988		 147
(4.15%)		 1,078,112
(4.68%)		 1
Dick Gephardt U.S. Representative
from Missouri
(1977–2005)		 Missouri
Missouri
(Campaign)
Withdrew:
March 29, 1988		 126
(3.56%)		 1,432,080
(6.22%)		 3
Gary Hart U.S. Senator
from Colorado
(1975–1987)		 Colorado
Colorado
(Campaign)
Suspended:
May 8, 1987
Re-entered:
December 12, 1987
Withdrew:
March 12, 1988		 1
(0.03%)		 354,298
(1.54%)		 0
Bruce Babbitt Governor
of Arizona
(1978–1987)		 Arizona
Arizona
(Campaign)
Withdrew:
February 18, 1988		 0
(0.00%)		 80,483
(0.35%)		 0

Withdrew before primaries

Candidate Experience Home state Campaign
Withdrawal date
Pat Schroeder U.S. Representative
from Colorado
(1973–1997)		 Colorado
Colorado		 (Campaign)
Withdrew:
September 28, 1987
Joe Biden U.S. Senator
from Delaware
(1973–2009)
Delaware
(Campaign)
Withdrew:
September 23, 1987

Minor candidates

Other notable individuals campaigning for the nomination but not featuring in major polls were:

Douglas Applegate David Duke Lyndon LaRouche Andy Sundberg James Traficant
U.S. Representative
from Ohio
(1977-1995)
(Campaign)		 No elected office
(Grand Wizard of the KKK)
(1974-1980)
(Campaign)		 No elected office
(Head of the NCLB)
(1968-2019)		 No elected office
(Chair of Democrats Abroad)
(1981-1985)		 U.S. Representative
from Ohio
(1985-2002)

Declined

Lloyd Bentsen Robert C. Byrd Ted Kennedy Lee Iacocca Mario Cuomo Sam Nunn
U.S. Senator
from Texas
(1971–1993)		 U.S. Senator
from West Virginia
(1959–2010)		 U.S. Senator
from Massachusetts
(1962–2009)		 Businessman
from Pennsylvania
(1978–1992)		 Governor
of New York
(1983–1994)		 U.S. Senator
from Georgia
(1972–1997)
(December 19, 1985) (July 16, 1986) (February 19, 1987) (February 21, 1987)
Dale Bumpers Bill Clinton Bill Bradley Dick Celeste Chuck Robb
U.S. Senator
from Arkansas
(1975–1999)		 Governor
of Arkansas
(1979-1981, 1983-1992)		 U.S. Senator
from New Jersey
(1979–1997)		 Governor
of Ohio
(1983–1991)		 Former Governor
of Virginia
(1982–1986)
(March 20, 1987) (July 15, 1987) (August 2, 1987) (August 24, 1987) (November 12, 1987)

Polling

Poll source Dates conducted
Gary Hart
Michael Dukakis
Jesse Jackson
Al Gore
Richard Gephardt
Paul Simon
Joseph Biden
Patricia Shroeder
Bruce Babbitt
Edward Kennedy
Mario Cuomo
Lee Iacocca
Geraldine Ferraro
Bill Bradley
Tom Bradley
Jay Rockefeller
Chuck Robb
Mark White
Dianne Feinstein
Sam Nunn
Dale Bumpers
Tony Coelho
Others
Gallup Jun. 7-10, 1985 31% - 14% - - - 1% *% 1% 46% 15% 11% 12% 4% 5% 3% 3% 1% 2% 1% 2% *% -
Gallup Jan. 10-13, 1986 47% - 16% - - - 1% 1% 1% - 22% 18% - 8% 8% 6% 3% 5% 3% 3% 1% 1% -
Gallup Apr. 11-14, 1986 39% - 18% - - - 1% 2% 1% - 27% 14% - 6% 7% 6% 5% 2% 4% 2% 2% *% -
Gallup Jun. 9-16, 1986 55% - - - - - - - - - 30% - - - - - - - - - - - -
75% - 14% - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
59% - - - - - - - - - - 28% - - - - - - - - - - -
Gallup Jul. 11-14, 1986 34% - 17% - - - - - - - 22% 26% - 7% 7% 6% 3% 3% 3% - - - -
Gallup Sep. 3-17, 1986 54% - - - - - - - - - 29% - - - - - - - - - - - -
74% - 15% - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
58% - - - - - - - - - - 29% - - - - - - - - - - -
Gallup Oct. 24-27, 1986 32% - 14% - - - - - - - 27% 26% - 8% 7% 6% 3% 3% - - - - -
Gallup Jan. 16-19, 1987 32% 1% 14% - *% - 1% - 1% - 13% 15% - 4% - - 3% - - 1% 1% - -
37% 2% 14% - *% - 1% - 1% - - 17% - 5% - - 3% - - 2% 2% - -
WaPo-ABC News Jan. 15-19, 1987 39% - 13% - 1% - 1% - 2% - 18% - - - - - 3% - - 4% - - -
NYT-CBS News Jan. 18-21, 1987 33% 1% 9% - 2% - 1% - 1% - 17% - - - - - - - - 3% - - -
WaPo-ABC News Mar. 5-9, 1987 46% 4% 14% - 3% - 1% - 1% - 18% - - - - - 2% - - 4% 3% - -
Gallup Apr. 10-13, 1987 - 7% 27% 6% 6% - 2% - 4% - - - - - - - - - - - - - 12%
WaPo-ABC News May 4, 1987 36% 9% 12% - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
NYT-CBS News May 5-6, 1987 32% 6% 10% 1% 4% - 1% - 1% - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1%
Gallup May 6-7, 1987 - 11% 22% 6% 7% 9% 1% - 2% - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5%
May 8: Gary Hart suspends campaign
NYT-CBS News May 11-14, 1987 - 11% 17% 5% 4% 6% 2% - 2% - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2%
- 6% 12% 4% 3% 5% 1% - 3% - 25% - - 6% - - - - - 4% - - 2%
WaPo-ABC News May 28 - Jun. 1, 1987 - 11% 25% 5% 10% 13% 3% - 4% - 1% - - - - - - - - - - - 7%
Gallup Jun. 8-14, 1987 - 11% 18% 5% 7% 7% 7% - 2% - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5%
Gallup Jul. 10-13, 1987 - 13% 17% 8% 3% 7% 4% - 2% - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2%
Gallup Jul. 6-19, 1987 25% 5% 13% 5% 5% 6% 3% - 1% - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5%
NYT-CBS News Jul 21-22, 1987 - 8% 14% 7% 3% 6% 4% 5% 3% - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Gallup Aug. 24 - Sep. 2, 1987 - 13% 19% 8% 6% 7% 3% 6% 2% - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2%
Gallup
Times Mirror Co.		 Sep. 1-13, 1987 - 15% 24% 6% 7% 7% 4% 3% 1% - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3%
WaPo-ABC News Sep. 17-23, 1987 - 12% 23% 7% 8% 5% 6% - 4% - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Gallup Oct. 23-26, 1987 - 14% 22% 7% 5% 8% - - 1% - - - - - - - - - - - - - *%
December 12: Gary Hart reenters race
WaPo-ABC News Dec. 13-15, 1987 30% 15% 20% 5% 2% 8% - - 2% - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
NYT-CBS News Dec. 15, 1987 21% 9% 17% 5% 1% 4% - - 2% - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3%
- 11% 22% 5% 3% 5% - - 4% - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3%
Gallup
News Tribune		 Dec. 7-28, 1987 31% 10% 13% 5% 2% 10% - - 3% - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
WaPo-ABC News Jan. 17–23, 1988 23% 11% 25% 6% 4% 12% - - 3% - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Gallup Jan. 22-24, 1988 23% 16% 15% 6% 9% 9% - - 4% - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
February 8: Iowa caucus
February 16: New Hampshire primary
March 8: Super Tuesday
Gallup Mar. 10-12, 1988 - 32% 23% 17% 10% 5% - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


Endorsements

Results

In the Iowa caucuses, Gephardt finished first, Simon finished second, and Dukakis finished third. In the New Hampshire primary, Dukakis finished first, Gephardt finished second, and Simon finished third. Dukakis and Gore campaigned hard against Gephardt with negative ads, and eventually the United Auto Workers retracted their endorsement of Gephardt, who was heavily dependent on labor union backing.

In the Super Tuesday races, Dukakis won six primaries, Gore five, Jackson five and Gephardt one, with Gore and Jackson splitting the southern states. The next week, Simon won Illinois. 1988 is tied with 1992 as the race with the most candidates winning primaries since the McGovern reforms of 1971. Gore's effort to paint Dukakis as too liberal for the general election proved unsuccessful, and he eventually withdrew. Jackson focused more on getting enough delegates to make sure African-American interests were represented in the platform than on winning outright. Dukakis eventually emerged as the party's nominee.

Tablemaker's note:

Date Pledged
delegates		 Contest Delegates won and popular vote
Michael
Dukakis		 Jesse
Jackson		 Al
Gore		 Paul
Simon		 Dick
Gephardt		 Gary
Hart		 Bruce
Babbitt		 Uncommitted Others Total
February 8 0 (of 52) Iowa
caucuses
 670 SDEs
(22.36%)
18,041
(20.56%)		 264 SDEs
(8.81%)
9,773
(11.14%)		 0 SDEs
(0.00%)
192
(0.22%)		 799 SDEs
(26.67%)
21,403
(24.39%)		 935 SDEs
(31.21%)
24,136
(27.51%)		 6 SDEs
(0.20%)
896
(1.02%)		 184 SDEs
(6.14%)
8,049
(9.17%)		 138 SDEs
(4.61%)
5,251
(5.98%)		 — 2,996 SDEs
87,741
February 16 18 (of 18) New Hampshire
primary

 9 del.
44,112
(35.89%)		 9,615
(7.82%)		 8,373
(6.83%)		 3 del.
21,094
(17.16%)		 6 del.
24,428
(19.94%)		 4,888
(3.98%)		 5,644
(4.59%)		 — 4,647
(3.78%)		 122,913
February 23 0 (of 68) Minnesota
caucuses

 9,386
(33.50%)
(~30%)		 5,596
(19.97%)
(~23%)		 278
(0.99%)
(~1%)		 4,995
(17.83%)
(~18%)		 2,005
(7.16%)
(~6%)		 184
(0.66%)
(~0.8%)		 59
(0.21%)
(~0.5%)		 5,132
(18.32%)
(~15%)		 381
(1.36%)		 26,551
15 (of 15) South Dakota
primary
 6 del.
22,367
(31.21%)		 3,866
(5.39%)		 5,990
(8.36%)		 3,991
(5.57%)		 9 del.
31,226
(43.57%)		 3,876
(5.41%)		 345
(0.48%)		 — — 71,661
February 28 0 (of 23) Maine
caucuses
 1,327 SDEs
(42.19%)		 842 SDEs
(26.77%)		 48 SDEs
(1.53%)		 133 SDEs
(4.23%)		 97 SDEs
(3.08%)		 42 SDEs
(1.34%)		 — 648 SDEs
(20.60%)		 8 SDEs
(0.25%)		 3,553 SDEs
March 1 0 (of 14) Vermont
primary
 28,244
(56.61%)		 13,030
(37.39%)		 — 2,596
(5.20%)		 3,968
(7.95%)		 2,052
(4.11%)		 — — — 49,890
March 5 0 (of 13) Wyoming
caucuses
 77 SDEs
(26.10%)
766
(25.81%)		 38 SDEs
(12.88%)
439
(14.79%)		 79.5 SDEs
(26.95%)
747
(25.17%)		 10 SDEs
(3.39%)
108
(3.64%)		 68 SDEs
(23.05%)
685
(23.08%)		 1 SDEs
(0.34%)
32
(1.08%)		 — 21.5 SDEs
(7.29%)
191
(6.44%)		 — 295 SDEs
2,968
March 8 56 (of 56) Alabama
primary
 31,351
(7.72%)		 28 del.
176,764
(43.54%)		 28 del.
151,739
(37.39%)		 3,063
(0.75%)		 30,214
(7.44%)		 7,530
(1.85%)		 2,410
(0.59%)		 2,072
(0.51%)		 845
(0.21%)		 405,988
3 (of 3) American Samoa
terr. caucus
 1 del.
1
(33.33%)		 — — — 1 del.
1
(33.33%)		 — — 1 del.
1
(33.33%)		 — 3
38 (of 38) Arkansas
primary

 10 del.
93,532
(18.85%)		 9 del.
85,047
(17.14%)		 19 del.
184,729
(37.24%)		 8,908
(1.80%)		 59,471
(11.99%)		 18,598
(3.75%)		 2,621
(0.53%)		 35,376
(7.13%)		 7,804
(1.57%)		 496,086
136 (of 136) Florida
primary
 90 del.
509,204
(40.85%)		 33 del.
250,496
(20.10%)		 6 del.
158,789
(12.74%)		 26,739
(2.15%)		 7 del.
179,350
(14.39%)		 35,329
(2.83%)		 9,899
(0.79%)		 76,682
(6.15%)		 — 1,246,488
86 (of 86) Georgia
primary
 14 del.
97,007
(15.61%)		 38 del.
246,757
(39.72%)		 33 del.
201,022
(32.35%)		 8,458
(1.36%)		 41,701
(6.71%)		 15,844
(2.55%)		 3,287
(0.53%)		 7,227
(1.16%)		 — 621,303
0 (of 20) Hawaii
caucuses
 2,716
(54.59%)		 1,739
(34.95%)		 58
(1.17%)		 46
(0.92%)		 98
(1.97%)		 57
(1.15%)		 — 259
(5.21%)		 2
(0.04%)		 4,975
0 (of 18) Idaho
caucuses
 140 SDEs
(37.53%)
1,516
(37.63%)		 73 SDEs
(19.57%)
882
(21.89%)		 32 SDEs
(8.58%)
333
(8.27%)		 16 SDEs
(4.29%)
280
(6.95%)		 3 SDEs
(0.80%)
44
(1.09%)		 0 SDEs
(0.00%)
1
(0.02%)		 0 SDEs
(0.00%)
1
(0.02%)		 109 SDEs
(29.22%)
972
(24.13%)		 — 373 SDEs
4,029
55 (of 55) Kentucky
primary
 12 del.
59,433
(18.65%)		 6 del.
49,667
(15.58%)		 37 del.
145,988
(45.80%)		 9,393
(2.95%)		 28,982
(9.09%)		 11,798
(3.70%)		 1,290
(0.40%)		 10,465
(3.28%)		 1,705
(0.53%)		 318,721
63 (of 63) Louisiana
primary
 6 del.
95,315
(15.23%)		 32 del.
220,305
(35.20%)		 23 del.
174,106
(27.82%)		 5,121
(0.82%)		 2 del.
69,875
(11.16%)		 26,669
(4.26%)		 3,080
(0.49%)		 — 31,468
(5.03%)		 625,939
67 (of 67) Maryland
primary
 47 del.
236,681
(45.82%)		 20 del.
149,837
(29.01%)		 45,149
(8.74%)		 14,188
(2.75%)		 41,315
(8.00%)		 9,460
(1.83%)		 4,597
(0.89%)		 13,368
(2.59%)		 1,983
(0.38%)		 516,578
98 (of 98) Massachusetts
primary
 79 del.
416,802
(58.58%)		 19 del.
132,507
(18.62%)		 31,991
(4.50%)		 26,064
(3.66%)		 72,678
(10.21%)		 11,199
(1.57%)		 4,939
(0.69%)		 11,681
(1.64%)		 3,670
(0.52%)		 711,531
40 (of 40) Mississippi
primary
 1 del.
31,318
(8.76%)		 24 del.
157,530
(44.06%)		 15 del.
120,166
(33.61%)		 2,123
(0.59%)		 19,683
(5.51%)		 13,790
(3.86%)		 2,137
(0.60%)		 9,474
(2.65%)		 1,285
(0.36%)		 357,506
77 (of 77) Missouri
primary
 1 del.
61,557
(11.66%)		 14 del.
106,287
(20.13%)		 14,557
(2.76%)		 21,424
(4.06%)		 62 del.
305,123
(57.80%)		 7,594
(1.44%)		 1,405
(0.26%)		 6,609
(1.25%)		 3,327
(0.63%)		 527,883
0 (of 16) Nevada
caucuses
 548 SDEs
(26.07%)		 460 SDEs
(21.88%)		 693 SDEs
(32.97%)		 23 SDEs
(1.09%)		 39 SDEs
(1.86%)		 10 SDEs
(0.48%)		 — 329 SDEs
(15.65%)		 — 2,102 SDEs
82 (of 82) North Carolina
primary
 17 del.
137,755
(20.30%)		 31 del.
223,207
(32.90%)		 34 del.
235,345
(34.69%)		 8,072
(1.19%)		 37,483
(5.52%)		 16,450
(2.42%)		 3,921
(0.57%)		 16,247
(2.39%)		 — 678,480
46 (of 46) Oklahoma
primary
 7 del.
66,229
(16.87%)		 3 del.
52,431
(13.36%)		 23 del.
162,513
(41.40%)		 6,894
(1.76%)		 13 del.
82,556
(21.03%)		 14,328
(3.65%)		 1,599
(0.41%)		 - 6,021
(1.53%)		 392,571
22 (of 22) Rhode Island
primary
 19 del.
34,159
(69.96%)		 3 del.
7,369
(15.09%)		 1,932
(3.96%)		 1,392
(2.85%)		 2,013
(4.12%)		 738
(1.51%)		 402
(0.82%)		 818
(1.67%)		 - 48,823
70 (of 70) Tennessee
primary
 19,268
(3.36%)		 14 del.
118,615
(20.69%)		 56 del.
414,569
(72.30%)		 2,641
(0.46%)		 8,657
(1.51%)		 4,693
(0.82%)		 1,982
(0.35%)		 2,939
(0.51%)		 - 573,364
119 (of 183) Texas
primary
 43 del.
553,006
(32.35%)		 42 del.
418,057
(24.46%)		 25 del.
349,505
(20.45%)		 34,269
(2.00%)		 9 del.
232,814
(13.62%)		 79,235
(4.64%)		 15,073
(0.88%)		 - 27,518
(1.53%)		 1,709,477
75 (of 75) Virginia
primary
 15 del.
78,637
(21.79%)		 38 del.
162,545
(45.03%)		 22 del.
81,064
(22.46%)		 6,921
(1.92%)		 16,179
(4.48%)		 6,241
(1.73%)		 2,465
(0.68%)		 6,086
(1.69%)		 796
(0.22%)		 360,934
0 (of 13) Washington
caucuses
 5,906 SDEs
(43.61%)		 4,562 SDEs
(33.69%)		 460 SDEs
(3.40%)		 526 SDEs
(3.88%)		 175 SDEs
(1.29%)		 16 SDEs
(0.12%)		 — 1,898 SDEs
(14.01%)		 — 13,543 SDEs
March 10 0 (of 17) Alaska
caucuses
 769 SDEs
(30.78%)		 872 SDEs
(34.91%)		 47 SDEs
(1.88%)		 18 SDEs
(0.72%)		 16 SDEs
(0.64%)		 8 SDEs
(0.32%)		 — 768 SDEs
(30.74%)		 — 2,498 SDEs
March 12 0 (of 47) South Carolina
caucuses
 961 SDEs
(6.64%)		 7,821 SDEs
(54.04%)		 2,577 SDEs
(17.81%)		 39 SDEs
(0.27%)		 296 SDEs
(2.05%)		 5 SDEs
(0.03%)		 — 2,773 SDEs
(19.16%)		 — 14,472 SDEs
March 15 0 (of 187) Illinois
preference primary
 245,289
(16.34%)		 484,233
(32.26%)		 77,265
(5.15%)		 635,219
(42.32%)		 35,108
(2.34%)		 — — — 23,816
(9.07%)		 1,500,930
113 (of 187) Illinois
delegate primary
 — 24 del. — 89 del. — — — — — —
March 19 0 (of 183) Texas
caucuses
 1,666 SDEs
(33.08%)		 1,722 SDEs
(34.19%)		 915 SDEs
(18.17%)		 — 156 SDEs
(3.10%)		 — — 553 SDEs
(10.98%)		 25 SDEs
(0.50%)		 2,498 SDEs
March 20 0 (of 39) Kansas
caucuses
 278 SDEs
(36.39%)		 235 SDEs
(30.76%)		 125 SDEs
(16.36%)		 — 12 SDEs
(1.57%)		 — — 114 SDEs
(14.92%)		 — 764 SDEs
0 (of 51) Puerto Rico
pref. primary
 17,023
(23.07%)
(~26%)		 25,971
(35.20%)
(~32%)		 13,210
(17.90%)
(~17%)		 14,870
(20.15%)
(~21%)		 2,707
(3.67%)
(~3%)		 — — — — 73,781
51 (of 51) Puerto Rico
delegate primary
 — — — — — — — 51 del. — —
March 22 9 (of 9) Democrats Abroad
primary
 0.5 del.
990
(48.06%)		 347
(16.84%)		 — 248
(12.04%)		 — — — 8.5 del. 475
(23.06%)		 2,060
March 26 0 (of 138) Michigan
caucuses
 61,568
(29.08%)		 113,140
(53.44%)		 4,296
(2.03%)		 4,456
(2.10%)		 27,125
(12.81%)		 349
(0.16%)		 — 429
(0.20%)		 342
(0.16%)		 211,705
0 (of 15) North Dakota
caucuses
 692
(27.71%)		 479
(19.18%)		 136
(5.45%)		 150
(6.01%)		 442
(17.70%)		 26
(1.04%)		 12
(0.48%)		 529
(21.19%)		 31
(1.24%)		 2,497
March 29 59 (of 59) Connecticut
primary
 35 del.
139,434
(60.77%)		 17 del.
68,283
(29.76%)		 18,598
(8.11%)		 3,115
(1.36%)		 — — — — — 229,430
April 2 3 (of 3) Virgin Is.
terr. caucuses
 37
(5.51%)		 3 del.
634
(94.49%)		 — — — — — — — 671
April 4 0 (of 49) Colorado
caucuses
 3,974 SDEs
(~45.4%)		 3,453 SDEs
(~39.5%)		 236 SDEs
(~2.7%)		 — — — — 1,069 SDEs
(~12.2%)		 — ? SDEs
April 5 81 (of 81) Wisconsin
primary
 44 del.
483,172
(47.61%)		 24 del.
285,995
(28.18%)		 13 del.
176,712
(17.41%)		 48,419
(4.77%)		 7,996
(0.79%)		 7,068
(0.70%)		 2,353
(0.23%)		 2,554
(0.25%)		 513
(0.05%)		 1,014,782
April 16 0 (of 36) Arizona
caucuses
 20,814
(54.11%)		 14,538
(37.80%)		 1,972
(5.13%)		 465
(1.21%)		 — — — 639
(1.66%)		 35
(0.09%)		 38,463
15 (of 15) North Dakota
state convention
 3 del. 2 del. — — — — — 10 del. — —
47 (of 47) South Carolina
state convention
 7 del. 28 del.
634
(94.49%)		 12 del. — — — — — — —
April 18 0 (of 15) Delaware
caucuses
 51.5 SDEs
(27.25%)		 86.5 SDEs
(45.77%)		 4 SDEs
(2.12%)		 — — — — 47 SDEs
(24.87%)		 — 189 SDEs
April 19 255 (of 255) New York
primary
 164 del.
801,457
(50.87%)		 89 del.
585,272
(37.15%)		 2 del.
157,559
(10.00%)		 17,020
(1.08%)		 2,608
(0.17%)		 — — 10,323
(0.66%)		 1,152
(0.07%)		 1,575,391
0 (of 14) Vermont
caucuses
 582 SDEs
(44.63%)		 596 SDEs
(45.71%)		 6 SDEs
(0.46%)		 — — — — 120 SDEs
(9.20%)		 — 1,304 SDEs
April 23 6 (of 49) Colorado
CD conventions
 2 del. 4 del. — — — — — — — —
26 (of 39) Kansas
CD conventions
 12 del. 7 del. 5 del. — — — — 2 del. — —
April 24 3 (of 3) Guam
terr. committee
 — — — — — — — 3 del. — —
April 25 0 (of 23) Utah
caucuses
 7,205
(~70%)		 1,711
(~17%)		 — — — — — 1,211
(~12%)		 — ?
April 26 0 (of 96) Pennsylvania
pref. primary
 1,002,480
(66.49%)		 411,260
(27.28%)		 44,542
(2.95%)		 9,692
(0.64%)		 7,254
(0.48%)		 20,473
(1.36%)		 — — 11,989
(0.80%)		 1,507,690
116 (of 178) Pennsylvania
delegate primary
 102 del. 14 del. — — — — — — — —
April 30 43 (of 78) Minnesota
CD conventions
 19 del. 14 del. — 2 del. — — — 8 del. — —
May 3 79 (of 79) Indiana
primary
 63 del.
449,495
(69.61%)		 16 del.
145,021
(22.46%)		 21,865
(3.39%)		 12,550
(1.94%)		 16,777
(2.60%)		 — — — — 645,708
159 (of 159) Ohio
primary
 115 del.
839,103
(63.00%)		 41 del.
362,720
(27.23%)		 29,313
(2.20%)		 15,076
(1.13%)		 — 1 del.
23,915
(1.80%)		 — — 2 del.
61,699
(4.63%)		 794,904
16 (of 16) Washington, D.C.
primary
 3 del.
14,969
(17.71%)		 13 del.
67,812
(80.24%)		 612
(0.72%)		 750
(0.89%)		 — — — — 371
(0.44%)		 84,514
May 7 60 (of 187) Illinois
state committee
 — 13 del. — 47 del. — — — — — —
8 (of 78) Minnesota
CD conventions
 3 del. 3 del. — — — — — 2 del. — —
16 (of 16) Nevada
state convention
 7 del. 4 del. 5 del. — — — — — — —
13 (of 13) Wyoming
state convention
 6 del. 3 del. 4 del. — — — — — — —
May 10 25 (of 25) Nebraska
primary
 18 del.
103,552
(62.44%)		 7 del.
43,890
(26.46%)		 2,463
(1.49%)		 2,079
(1.25%)		 4,809
(2.90%)		 4,087
(2.46%)		 — 4,544
(2.74%)		 424
(0.26%)		 165,848
37 (of 37) West Virginia
primary
 37 del.
254,289
(74.77%)		 45,788
(13.46%)		 — — — — — — 40,020
(11.77%)		 340,097
May 14 9 (of 49) Colorado
CD conventions
 7 del. 2 del. — — — — — — — —
34 (of 52) Iowa
CD conventions
 12 del. 7 del. — 6 del. 8 del. — — 1 del. — —
13 (of 39) Kansas
state convention
 7 del. 3 del. 3 del. — — — — — — —
138 (of 138) Michigan
state committee
 55 del. 74 del. — — 9 del. — — — — —
May 15 17 (of 17) Alaska
state convention
 7 del. 7 del. — — — — — 3 del. — —
23 (of 23) Maine
state convention
 11 del. 9 del. — — — — — 3 del. — —
May 17 45 (of 45) Oregon
primary
 27 del.
208,795
(55.46%)		 18 del.
143,593
(38.14%)		 7,211
(1.92%)		 4,918
(1.31%)		 9,123
(2.42%)		 — — — 2,817
(0.75%)		 376,457
May 20 14 (of 49) Colorado
CD conventions
 10 del. 4 del. — — — — — — — —
May 21 20 (of 49) Colorado
state convention
 14 del. 6 del. — — — — — — — —
14 (of 14) Vermont
state convention
 6 del. 7 del. — — — — — 1 del. — —
May 23 15 (of 15) Delaware
state convention
 4 del. 7 del. — — — — — 4 del. — —
May 24 0 (of 18) Idaho
primary
 37,576
(73.33%)		 8,020
(15.65%)		 1,903
(3.71%)		 1,456
(2.84%)		 — — — 2,287
(4.46%)		 — 51,242
May 28 23 (of 36) Arizona
reg. caucuses
 14 del. 9 del. — — — — — — — —
20 (of 20) Hawaii
state convention
 12 del. 8 del. — — — — — — — —
June 4 13 (of 36) Arizona
state convention
 9 del. 5 del. — — — — — — — —
62 (of 178) Pennsylvania
state committee
 62 del. — — — — — — — — —
43 (of 65) Washington
CD conventions
 25 del. 18 del. — — — — — — — —
June 7 314 (of 314) California
primary
 198 del.
1,778,436
(59.89%)		 116 del.
1,050,750
(35.38%)		 53,227
(1.79%)		 63,307
(2.13%)		 — — — — 23,884
(0.80%)		 2,969,604
19 (of 19) Montana
primary
 15 del.
83,017
(68.64%)		 4 del.
26,774
(22.14%)		 2,196
(1.82%)		 1,598
(1.32%)		 3,446
(2.85%)		 — — 3,912
(3.23%)		 — 120,943
109 (of 109) New Jersey
primary
 100 del.
401,547
(64.66%)		 9 del.
193,791
(31.21%)		 17,649
(2.84%)		 — — — — — 7,978
(1.28%)		 620,965
24 (of 24) New Mexico
primary
 16 del.
114,968
(60.96%)		 8 del.
52,988
(28.09%)		 4,747
(2.52%)		 2,821
(1.50%)		 — 6,898
(3.66%)		 2,913
(1.54%)		 3,275
(1.74%)		 — 188,610
June 11 17 (of 78) Minnesota
state convention
 17 del. 10 del. — — — — — — — —
22 (of 65) Washington
state convention
 13 del. 9 del. — — — — — — — —
June 18 18 (of 18) Idaho
state convention
 9 del. 3 del. — — — — — 6 del. — —
64 (of 183) Texas
state convention
 29 del. 25 del. 10 del. — — — — — — —
June 25 18 (of 52) Iowa
state convention
 10 del. 5 del. — — — — — 3 del. — —
23 (of 23) Utah
state convention
 20 del. 3 del. — — — — — — — —
Totals 1,726.5 del.
9,705,590
(42.17%)		 1,056 del.
6,732,778
(29.26%)		 375 del.
3,124,278
(13.58%)		 147 del.
1,078,112
(4.68%)		 126 del.
1,432,080
(6.22%)		 1 del.
354,298
(1.54%)		 0 del.
80,483
(0.35%)		 106.5 del.
238,420
(1.04%)		 2 del.
267,110
(1.16%)		 3,540 del.
23,013,149

Democratic convention

The Democratic Party Convention was held in Atlanta, Georgia, on July 18–21. The Dukakis nominating speech delivered by Arkansas governor and future president Bill Clinton was widely criticized as too long and tedious.

Texas State Treasurer Ann Richards (who two years later became the state governor in 1990) delivered a memorable keynote address in which she uttered the lines "Poor George [Bush], he can't help it, he was born with a silver foot in his mouth." Six years later, Bush's son George W. Bush would deny Richards re-election as Texas governor in 1994.

With most candidates having withdrawn and asking their delegates to vote for Dukakis, the tally for president was as follows:

Jesse Jackson's campaign believed that since they had come in a respectable second, Jackson was entitled to the vice presidential spot. Dukakis refused, and gave the spot to Lloyd Bentsen.

Bentsen was selected in large part to secure the state of Texas and its large electoral vote for the Democrats. During the vice-presidential debate, Republican candidate and Senator Dan Quayle ignored a head-on confrontation with Bentsen (aside from the "Jack Kennedy" comparison) and spent his time attacking Dukakis.

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Poll combines first- and second-choice responses.
  2. ↑ Support for Bill Clinton
  3. ↑ Support for Bill Clinton
  4. ↑ Support for Bill Clinton
  5. ↑ This should not be taken as a finalized list of results, as more than a few of the sources used did not report finalized or official results for the primaries or caucuses. Additionally, superdelegates are not accounted for in the table, as they were not bound to a candidate the way pledged delegates were.
  6. ↑ In terms of the candidate preference vote, the News Election Service was only able to collect about (70%) of the precincts reporting. NES claimed that the Iowa Democratic Party was actively discouraging participation in the preference count. The party, for its part, preferred the media report on the "state delegate equivalents", or SDEs.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 State delegate equivalents (SDEs) are used to calculate how many delegates each candidate gets both in each district and on state level.
  8. ↑ Includes 1,349 votes at (1.10%) for William J. DuPont, 264 votes at (0.21%) for David Duke, 188 votes at (0.15%) for Lyndon LaRouche, 142 votes at (0.12%) for William A. Marra, 122 votes at (0.10%) for Conrad W. Roy, 84 votes at (0.07%) for Florenzo Di Donato, 61 votes at (0.05%) for Anthony R. Martin-Trigona, 47 votes at (0.04%) for Stephen A. Koczak, 36 votes at (0.03%) for William King, 33 votes at (0.03%) for Edward T. O'Donnell, 33 votes at (0.03%) for Cyril E. Sagan, 28 votes at (0.02%) for Frank L. Thomas, 25 votes at (0.02%) for Claude Kirk, 22 votes at (0.02%) for Irwin Zucker, 18 votes at (0.01%) for Norbert G. Dernell, 16 votes at (0.01%) for Osie Thorpe, 10 votes at (0.01%) for A.A. Van Petten, and 9 votes at (0.01%) for Stanley Locke. Write-in votes for Republican candidates included 724 votes at (0.59%) for George Bush, 591 votes at (0.48%) for Bob Dole, 439 votes at (0.36%) for Pat Robertson, 233 votes at (0.19%) for Jack Kemp, 164 votes at (0.13%) for Pete du Pont, 7 votes at (0.01%) for Alexander M. Haig, 1 vote at (<0.01%) for William Horrigan J., and 1 vote at (<0.00%) for Harold Stassen.
  9. ↑ Official figures were released on March 8 by the state party, but only included percentages and not actual preference numbers, unlike earlier sources. The difference in recorded votes between sources was (28,016) to (48,915). The latter percentages are displayed below as recorded in italics.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Official figures as released by the state party; rounded percentages only.
  11. ↑ Last found source only had (3,145) of the elected SDEs accounted for.
  12. ↑ All votes are for Lyndon LaRouche.
  13. ↑ Includes 4,911 votes at (0.99%) for David Duke, 2,380 votes at (0.48%) for Lyndon LaRouche, and 513 votes at (0.10%) for Norbert G. Dernell.
  14. ↑ Only 274 of 284 precincts had reported results in the source.
  15. ↑ Both votes are for Lyndon LaRouche.
  16. ↑ Includes 681 votes at (0.21%) for Lyndon LaRouche, 537 votes at (0.17%) for Anthony R. Martin-Trigona, and 487 votes at (0.15%) for Richard Kay.
  17. ↑ Only 3,264 of 3,272 precincts had reported results in the source.
  18. ↑ Includes 23,415 votes at (3.74%) for David Duke, 3,740 votes at (0.60%) for Ahern, 1,746 votes at (0.28%) for Norbert G. Dernell, 1,686 votes at (0.27%) for Lyndon LaRouche, and 881 votes at (0.14%) for Richard Kay.
  19. 1 2 All votes are for Lyndon LaRouche.
  20. ↑ Includes 2,225 votes at (0.31%) for Florenzo Di Donato, and 1,445 votes at (0.20%) for Lyndon LaRouche.
  21. ↑ Includes 1,766 votes at (0.33%) for David Duke, 692 votes at (0.13%) for Lyndon LaRouche, 394 votes at (0.07%) for Richard Kay, 264 votes at (0.05%) for Stephen A. Koczak, and 211 votes at (0.04%) for Norbert G. Dernell.
  22. ↑ Includes 2,402 votes at (0.61%) for David Duke, 1,080 votes at (0.28%) for Lyndon LaRouche, 1,064 votes at (0.27%) for Stephen A. Koczak, 1,000 votes at (0.25%) for Doty, and 475 votes at (0.12%) for Norbert G. Dernell.
  23. ↑ Only 6,829 of 6,933 precincts had reported results in the source.
  24. ↑ Includes 9,054 votes at (0.53%) for Lyndon LaRouche, 8,683 votes at (0.51%) for David Duke, 6,215 votes at (0.36%) for W.A. Williams, and 3566 votes at (0.21%) for Norbert G. Dernell.
  25. ↑ Only 1,982 of 1,986 precincts had reported results in the source.
  26. ↑ All votes are for Lyndon LaRouche.
  27. ↑ Source only had ~90% of 442 precincts reporting.
  28. ↑ Source only had 1,636 of 1,788 precincts reporting.
  29. ↑ No breakdown was provided in the source.
  30. ↑ Only 5,037 of 5,288 elected SDEs were accounted for by the source.
  31. ↑ No breakdown was provided, though the source states it includes state delegates for Paul Simon and Gary Hart.
  32. ↑ The latest source with a breakdown of the vote only had 31% of precincts reporting; another source, with 91% of precincts reporting, had no breakdown of individual votes. The latter are displayed below in italics.
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 Updated figures with 91% of precincts reporting in; rounded percentages only.
  34. ↑ Includes 304 votes at (14.76%) for Andy Sundberg, and 171 votes at (8.30%) for Mario Cuomo.
  35. ↑ Write-ins; no breakdown.
  36. ↑ Includes 26 votes at (1.04%) for Mario Cuomo, 3 votes at (0.12%) for Lyndon LaRouche, 1 vote at (0.04%) for Lee Iacocca, and 1 vote at (0.04%) for Sam Nunn.
  37. ↑ Last found source only had ~73% of precincts reporting in.
  38. ↑ No breakdown was provided in the source.
  39. ↑ All votes are for Lyndon LaRouche.
  40. ↑ All votes are for Lyndon LaRouche.
  41. ↑ Not all district conventions in Colorado were held on the same day; on this date, only the 1st District held a convention.
  42. ↑ Only ~90% of legislative districts had reported in by the time of the source. Only votes for Dukakis, Jackson and "Uncommitted" were accounted for.
  43. ↑ Includes 7,546 votes at (0.50%) for Jennifer Alden Wesner, and 4,443 votes at (0.29%) for Lyndon LaRouche.
  44. ↑ Not all district conventions in Minnesota were held on the same day; on this date, all districts held a convention other than the 8th.
  45. ↑ Only 96% of the precincts had reported in by the time the source was published; later sources did not provide a breakdown of the vote beyond Dukakis and Jackson.
  46. ↑ James Traficanct and Douglas Applegate each won a delegate.
  47. ↑ Includes 29,980 votes at (2.25%) for James Traficanct, 25,510 votes at (1.92%) for Douglas Applegate, and 6,209 votes at (0.47%) for Lyndon LaRouche.
  48. ↑ Breakdown was not provided by source.
  49. ↑ Not all district conventions in Minnesota were held on the same day; on this date, the only district that held a convention was the 8th.
  50. ↑ Only 1,831 of 1,870 precincts had reported in by the time the source was published.
  51. ↑ All votes are for Lyndon LaRouche.
  52. ↑ Breakdown was not provided by source.
  53. ↑ Not all district conventions in Colorado were held on the same day; on this date, the 5th and 6th districts held conventions.
  54. ↑ All votes are for Lyndon LaRouche.
  55. ↑ Not all district conventions in Colorado were held on the same day; on this date, the 2nd, 3rd and 4th districts held conventions.
  56. ↑ Only ~99% precincts had reported in by the time the source was published.
  57. ↑ All votes are for Lyndon LaRouche.
  58. ↑ Includes 2,796 votes at (0.45%) for William A. Marra, 2,726 votes at (0.44%) for Lyndon LaRouche, and 2,456 votes at (0.40%) for David Duke.
  59. ↑ In the case of a state which held multiple contests, the higher raw vote total is used.

References

  1. ↑ John Dillin for The Christian Science Monitor. 23 February 1987 Cuomo's `no' opens door for dark horses
  2. ↑ E. J. Dionne Jr. (May 3, 1987). "Gary Hart The Elusive Front-Runner". The New York Times, pg. SM28.
  3. 1 2 Johnston, David; King, Wayne; Nordheimer, Jon (1987-05-09). "Courting Danger: The Fall Of Gary Hart". The New York Times.
  4. ↑ "The Gary Hart Story: How It Happened". The Miami Herald. May 10, 1987. Archived from the original on August 24, 2014. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
  5. ↑ Bob Drogin for the Los Angeles Times. 16 December 1987 Hart Back in Race for President : Political World Stunned, Gives Him Little Chance
  6. ↑ Associated Press, in the Los Angeles Times. 13 March 1988 Quits Campaign : 'The People 'Have Decided,' Hart Declares
  7. ↑ "Biden Is Facing Growing Debate On His Speeches". The New York Times. September 16, 1987.
  8. 1 2 Thompson, Alex; Pager, Tyler (January 19, 2021). "They failed spectacularly in '88. Now, these Biden aides are getting sweet redemption". Politico.
  9. ↑ "Professional Board Clears Biden In Two Allegations of Plagiarism". The New York Times. May 29, 1989. p. 29.
  10. ↑ "Gephardt To Explore Presidential Chances". Columbia Daily Tribune (Columbia, Missouri). November 18, 1986. p. 14 – via Newspapers.com.
  11. ↑ "Hart Forms Committee, Edges Toward Running". St. Louis Post-Dispatch (St. Louis, Missouri). December 12, 1986. p. 14A – via Newspapers.com.
  12. ↑ "Arizona's Ex-Governor To Seek Presidency". The Flint Journal (Flint, Michigan). January 8, 1987. p. A13 – via Newspapers.com.
  13. ↑ "Dukakis Launches Presidential Bid; Governor To Set Up Campaign Committee". The Boston Globe (Boston, Massachusetts). March 17, 1987. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  14. ↑ "Biden 'Exploration Committee' Forming; Hart Sees '32 Parallel". The Des Moines Register (Des Moines, Iowa). March 2, 1987. p. 2A – via Newspapers.com.
  15. ↑ "Jackson Opens Exploratory Office". The Kansas City Times (Kansas City, Missouri). March 20, 1987. p. A4 – via Newspapers.com.
  16. ↑ "Simon Gets In Race For President". The Daily Dispatch (Moline, Illinois). April 9, 1987. p. 10 – via Newspapers.com.
  17. ↑ "Sen. Gore, At 39, Youngest To Join President Race". The Los Angeles Times (Los Angeles, California). April 10, 1987. p. 2 – via Newspapers.com.
  18. ↑ "First Of Many Debates Pulls 7 Democrats". The Des Moines Register (Des Moines, Iowa). July 2, 1987. p. 4A – via Newspapers.com.
  19. ↑ "'Seven Dwarfs' Spar For Attention". Morning News Tribune (Tacoma, Washington). July 2, 1987. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  20. ↑ "'Seven Dwarfs' Spar For Recognition In TV Debate". Morning News Tribune (Tacoma, Washington). July 2, 1987. p. A11 – via Newspapers.com.
  21. ↑ "Dukakis, Gephardt Stress Economic Issues In Dem Presidential Debate". The Star-Ledger (Newark, New Jersey). August 9, 1987. p. 26 – via Newspapers.com.
  22. ↑ "Gore Lashes Out At Dukakis In Iowa Presidential Debate". The Times Herald (Port Huron, Michigan). August 24, 1987. p. 5A – via Newspapers.com.
  23. ↑ "Presidential Hopefuls Debate Education". Omaha World-Herald (Omaha, Nebraska). September 11, 1987. p. 46 – via Newspapers.com.
  24. ↑ "Debate Becomes Anti-GOP Forum". The Rock Island Argus (Moline, Illinois). September 24, 1987. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  25. ↑ "Gore Turns Up Heat In Democratic Debate". The Austin Daily Herald (Austin, Minnesota). September 28, 1987. p. 2 – via Newspapers.com.
  26. ↑ "6 Democratic Presidential Candidates Debate Foreign Policy, Defense On TV". Record-Journal (Meriden, Connecticut). October 6, 1987. p. 8 – via Newspapers.com.
  27. ↑ "Democratic Hopefuls Urge Summit On Environment". The Daily Times (Mamaroneck, New York). November 2, 1987. p. 18 – via Newspapers.com.
  28. ↑ "Demo Presidential Candidates Debate Education". The Vincennes Sun-Commercial (Vincennes, Indiana). November 6, 1987. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com.
  29. ↑ "Democrats Blast GOP Rivals In Iowa Presidential Debate". The Patriot (Harrisburg, Pennsylvania). November 9, 1987. p. A10 – via Newspapers.com.
  30. ↑ "Candidates Oppose Pension Cuts". The Bridgeport Post (Bridgeport, Connecticut). November 20, 1987. p. 8 – via Newspapers.com.
  31. ↑ "Prime-Time Presidential Debate Produces Few Stars, No Winners". The Capital Times (Madison, Wisconsin). December 2, 1987. p. 10 – via Newspapers.com.
  32. ↑ "In Texas Presidential Debate; Democrats Woo Hispanic Voters". The Press (Atlantic City, New Jersey). December 16, 1987. p. 16 – via Newspapers.com.
  33. ↑ "Gore-And-Simon Little More Than A Big Discussion". The Birmingham News (Birmingham, Alabama). January 8, 1988. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  34. ↑ "Presidential Hopefuls Square Off In Iowa". Argus-Leader (Sioux Falls, South Dakota). January 12, 1988. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  35. ↑ "No Clear Winner In Debate". Kenosha News (Kenosha, Wisconsin). January 25, 1988. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com.
  36. ↑ "Democrats, Republicans Slug It Out". Syracuse Herald-Journal (Syracuse, New York). January 30, 1988. p. A2 – via Newspapers.com.
  37. ↑ "Demo Hopefuls Gang Up On Gephardt". The Indianapolis Star (Indianapolis, Indiana). February 14, 1988. p. A16 – via Newspapers.com.
  38. ↑ "Democrats Trade Accusations, Jibes In Dallas Debate". The Atlanta Constitution (Atlanta, Georgia). February 19, 1988. p. 6A – via Newspapers.com.
  39. ↑ "Democrats Squabble During Debate". The Berkshire Eagle (Pittsfield, Massachusetts). February 28, 1988. p. C6 – via Newspapers.com.
  40. ↑ "Democrats Squabble During Debate". The San Francisco Examiner (San Francisco, California). April 15, 1988. p. A4 – via Newspapers.com.
  41. ↑ "Few Say They Changed Their Choices". Democrat and Chronicle (Rochester, New York). April 17, 1988. p. 10A – via Newspapers.com.
  42. ↑ "Jackson, Dukakis Swap Pokes, Jokes". The Orlando Sentinel (Orlando, Florida). April 23, 1988. p. A8 – via Newspapers.com.
  43. ↑ "Dukakis, Jackson Debate Targets Reagan's Dealings With Noriega". Daily Hampshire Gazette (Northampton, Massachusetts). May 26, 1988. p. 30 – via Newspapers.com.
  44. ↑ "A Democrat In Europe Aims For White House". The Atlanta Constitution (Atlanta, Georgia). March 11, 1988. p. 6A – via Newspapers.com.
  45. ↑ "Kennedy, Citing Senate Goals, Rules Out '88 Presidential Bid". The New York Times. December 20, 1985.
  46. ↑ "OHIO'S CELESTE WON'T RUN FOR PRESIDENT IN 1988". The Washington Post. August 24, 1987.
  47. ↑ George H. Gallup (1986). The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1985. Scholarly Resources Inc. p. 161-162. ISBN 0-8420-2249-X.
  48. ↑ George H. Gallup (1987). The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1986. Scholarly Resources Inc. p. 40-41. ISBN 0-8420-2274-0.
  49. ↑ George H. Gallup (1987). The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1986. Scholarly Resources Inc. p. 90-92. ISBN 0-8420-2274-0.
  50. 1 2 George H. Gallup (1987). The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1986. Scholarly Resources Inc. p. 154-156. ISBN 0-8420-2274-0.
  51. ↑ George H. Gallup (1987). The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1986. Scholarly Resources Inc. p. 212-213. ISBN 0-8420-2274-0.
  52. ↑ George H. Gallup (1987). The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1986. Scholarly Resources Inc. p. 241-243. ISBN 0-8420-2274-0.
  53. ↑ George H. Gallup (1988). The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1987. Scholarly Resources Inc. p. 37-38. ISBN 0-8420-2292-9.
  54. ↑ "Hart Remains First Choice Of Democrats For President". The Forum (Fargo, North Dakota). January 22, 1987. p. B8 – via Newspapers.com.
  55. ↑ "POLL GIVES HART AND BUSH CLEAR LEADS FOR NOMINATIONS". The New York Times. January 25, 1987. p. 18. Retrieved November 28, 2024.
  56. ↑ "Poll Says Bush, Hart Have Gained Support". Concord Monitor (Concord, New Hampshire). March 11, 1987. p. A10 – via Newspapers.com.
  57. 1 2 3 George H. Gallup (1988). The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1987. Scholarly Resources Inc. p. 156-158. ISBN 0-8420-2292-9.
  58. ↑ "Hart Loses Support, But Is Still Leading". The Palm Beach Post (West Palm Beach, Florida). May 6, 1987. p. 6A – via Newspapers.com.
  59. ↑ "POLL FINDS INFIDELITY A LESSER EVIL THAN OTHERS IN PICKING CANDIDATE". The New York Times. May 8, 1987. pp. A1+B6. Retrieved November 28, 2024.
  60. ↑ "JACKSON TOPS POLL (NOT COUNTING CUOMO)". The New York Times. May 17, 1987. pp. 1+32. Retrieved November 28, 2024.
  61. ↑ "Jackson, Simon Benefit From Hart Withdrawal". Chicago Tribune (Chicago, Illinois). June 4, 1987. p. 11 – via Newspapers.com.
  62. ↑ George H. Gallup (1988). The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1987. Scholarly Resources Inc. p. 185-187. ISBN 0-8420-2292-9.
  63. ↑ George H. Gallup (1988). The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1987. Scholarly Resources Inc. p. 186-187. ISBN 0-8420-2292-9.
  64. ↑ "Undecided Democrats Reported on Increase". The New York Times. July 26, 1987. p. 22. Retrieved November 28, 2024.
  65. 1 2 George H. Gallup (1988). The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1987. Scholarly Resources Inc. p. 220-221. ISBN 0-8420-2292-9.
  66. ↑ "Jackson, Bush Front-Runners In Poll, But Leads Shaky". Hartford Courant (Hartford, Connecticut). October 1, 1987. p. A10 – via Newspapers.com.
  67. ↑ "Biden Quits The Race". The Tribune (Oakland, California). September 24, 1987. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  68. ↑ "Biden Quits The Race (Continued)". The Tribune (Oakland, California). September 24, 1987. p. A14 – via Newspapers.com.
  69. ↑ "Poll Shows Hart Leading Democrats, Trailing Bush". Albuquerque Journal (Albuquerque, New Mexico). December 19, 1987. p. A2 – via Newspapers.com.
  70. ↑ "Poll Shows Hart and Jackson Leading". The New York Times. December 17, 1987. pp. B16. Retrieved November 28, 2024.
  71. ↑ "News Tribune-Gallup Poll". Morning News Tribune (Tacoma, Washington). January 27, 1988. p. A10 – via Newspapers.com.
  72. ↑ "Poll Indicates People Leaning Toward GOP Qualifications". The Press Democrat (Santa Rosa, California). January 26, 1988. p. A10 – via Newspapers.com.
  73. 1 2 George H. Gallup (1989). The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1988. Scholarly Resources Inc. p. 43-45. ISBN 0-8420-2330-5.
  74. ↑ Williams, Juan (1988-07-17). "Waiting for The Jackson Reaction; Will Jesse End His Crusade With a Bang or a Whimper?". The Washington Post. p. C1.
  75. ↑ "Iowa Caucus Results". The Des Moines Register (Des Moines, Iowa). February 10, 1988. p. 8A – via Newspapers.com.
  76. ↑ "Democratic Delegate Scorecard". The Des Moines Register (Des Moines, Iowa). February 10, 1988. p. 6A – via Newspapers.com.
  77. ↑ "Official Count Shows Record Turnout". Concord Monitor (Concord, New Hampshire). February 18, 1988. p. A10 – via Newspapers.com.
  78. ↑ Cook, Rhodes. State Of New Hampshire Manual For The General Court, 1989. Concord, New Hampshire: New Hampshire Department Of State. p. 132-133.
  79. ↑ "Caucus Reporting System". Claremont News (Claremont, Minnesota). March 2, 1988. p. 2Be – via Newspapers.com.
  80. ↑ "DFL Caucus Results". Star Tribune (Minneapolis, Minnesota). March 9, 1988. p. 2Be – via Newspapers.com.
  81. ↑ "Dole, Gephardt Big Winners". Argus-Leader (Sioux Falls, South Dakota). February 24, 1988. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  82. ↑ "South Dakota Primary Results". Rapid City Journal (Rapid City, South Dakota). February 24, 1988. p. A7 – via Newspapers.com.
  83. ↑ "Gephardt Wins 9 Delegates; Dukakis 6". Rapid City Journal (Rapid City, South Dakota). February 25, 1988. p. A10 – via Newspapers.com.
  84. ↑ "State Conventions At A Glance". Portland Press Herald (Portland, Maine). February 29, 1988. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  85. ↑ "Maine Caucus Results". Kennebec Journal (Augusta, Maine). March 1, 1988. p. 19 – via Newspapers.com.
  86. ↑ "Home-Grown Campaign Gave Jackson Boost In Vermont". The Rutland Daily Herald (Rutland, Vermont). March 3, 1988. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  87. ↑ "Gore, Dukakis Both Claim Win In Wyoming; Bush, Dole In Close Race". Casper Star-Tribune (Casper, Wyoming). March 6, 1988. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  88. ↑ "Gore, Dukakis Both Claim Win In Wyoming (Continued)". Casper Star-Tribune (Casper, Wyoming). March 6, 1988. p. A16 – via Newspapers.com.
  89. ↑ "Democratic County Convention Totals - State Delegates". Casper Star-Tribune (Casper, Wyoming). March 6, 1988. p. A3 – via Newspapers.com.
  90. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 "Super Tuesday Voting By State". The Sun (Baltimore, Maryland). March 10, 1988. p. 10 – via Newspapers.com.
  91. ↑ "Same Number Of Delegates Go To Gore, Jackson". The Birmingham News (Birmingham, Alabama). March 16, 1988. p. 6B – via Newspapers.com.
  92. ↑ "State Election Results". The Daily World (Helena, Arkansas). March 10, 1988. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  93. ↑ "Same Number Of Delegates Go To Gore, Jackson". The Jonesboro Sun (Jonesboro, Arkansas). March 23, 1988. p. 2 – via Newspapers.com.
  94. ↑ "Four Ga. Demo Leaders Vie To Be Gore Delegates". Macon Telegraph and News (Macon, Georgia). May 11, 1988. p. 2B – via Newspapers.com.
  95. ↑ "Isle Dems Caucus: Dukakis, Jackson Close". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser (Honolulu, Hawaii). March 9, 1988. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  96. ↑ "Hawaii Democrats Caucus; Dukakis, Jackson In Tight Race". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser (Honolulu, Hawaii). March 9, 1988. p. A8 – via Newspapers.com.
  97. ↑ "Democrats Pick Dukakis, 'Uncommitted'". The Idaho Statesman (Boise, Idaho). March 9, 1988. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  98. ↑ "Democrats Pick Dukakis, 'Uncommitted' (Continued)". The Idaho Statesman (Boise, Idaho). March 9, 1988. p. 3A – via Newspapers.com.
  99. ↑ "Only 10 Percent Of Voters Here Turn Out For Primary". Licking Valley Courier (West Liberty, Kentucky). March 10, 1988. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  100. ↑ "Only 10 Percent Of Voters Here Turn Out For Primary". Licking Valley Courier (West Liberty, Kentucky). March 10, 1988. p. 11 – via Newspapers.com.
  101. ↑ "Presidential Primary Vote Certified". The Courier-Journal (Louisville, Kentucky). March 29, 1988. p. B3 – via Newspapers.com.
  102. ↑ "Jackson, Bush Claim Delegate Prizes". The Times (Shreveport, Louisiana). March 10, 1988. p. 7 – via Newspapers.com.
  103. ↑ "Bush, Dukakis Easily Power Through State". The Star-Democrat (Easton, Maryland). March 10, 1988. p. 3A – via Newspapers.com.
  104. ↑ "Bush, Dukakis Win Vote As Expected In Bay State". Union-News (Springfield, Massachusetts). March 10, 1988. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com.
  105. ↑ "Gore, Dukakis Prevail In Nevada Caucuses". Reno Gazette-Journal (Reno, Nevada). March 10, 1988. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  106. ↑ "Gore, Dukakis Prevail In Nevada Caucuses (Continued)". Reno Gazette-Journal (Reno, Nevada). March 10, 1988. p. 16A – via Newspapers.com.
  107. ↑ "Gore, Bush Will Share Delegates". Bristol Herald Courier (Bristol, Tennessee). March 11, 1988. p. 7A – via Newspapers.com.
  108. ↑ "Party Boss Seeks Democratic Unity". Fort Worth Star-Telegram (Fort Worth, Texas). March 17, 1988. p. 21 – via Newspapers.com.
  109. ↑ "Party Boss Seeks Democratic Unity (Continued)". Fort Worth Star-Telegram (Fort Worth, Texas). March 17, 1988. p. 22 – via Newspapers.com.
  110. ↑ "No Bush Backers For State Delegation". Morning News Tribune (Tacoma, Washington). April 10, 1988. p. C3 – via Newspapers.com.
  111. 1 2 "Jackson Big Winner In Alaska Caucuses". Daily Sitka Sentinel (Sitka, Alaska). March 11, 1988. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  112. ↑ "County-By-County Caucus Results". The Index-Journal (Greenwood, South Carolina). March 13, 1988. p. 12A – via Newspapers.com.
  113. ↑ "Illinois Republican Presidential Primary Results". Chicago Tribune (Chicago, Illinois). March 17, 1988. p. 23 – via Newspapers.com.
  114. ↑ Cook, Rhodes. United States Presidential Primary Elections, 1968-1996: A Handbook of Election Statistics. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. p. 220. ISBN 1-56802-451-7.
  115. ↑ "Simon Delegates Are Keeping Busy". The Belleville News-Democrat (Belleville, Illinois). April 11, 1988. p. B1 – via Newspapers.com.
  116. ↑ "Dukakis Slips By Jackson In Kansas Race". The Wichita Eagle-Beacon (Wichita, Kansas). March 20, 1988. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  117. ↑ "Dukakis Grateful To Kansas For First Farm Belt Win". The Wichita Eagle-Beacon (Wichita, Kansas). March 20, 1988. p. 8A – via Newspapers.com.
  118. ↑ "Bush, Jackson Win Puerto Rico Primary". The Boston Globe (Boston, Massachusetts). March 21, 1988. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com.
  119. ↑ "Bush Wins, Jackson In Lead In Puerto Rico". The Daily Dispatch (Moline, Illinois). March 22, 1988. p. A6 – via Newspapers.com.
  120. ↑ "Dukakis Gains 54 Puerto Rico Delegates - After Losing Race". The Los Angeles Times (Los Angeles, California). April 15, 1988. p. 14 – via Newspapers.com.
  121. ↑ "Democrats Abroad Vote, Favor Dukakis". Hartford Courant (Hartford, Connecticut). March 23, 1988. p. A5 – via Newspapers.com.
  122. ↑ "Democrats Abroad Give Dukakis One Delegate". The Houston Post (Houston, Texas). March 23, 1988. p. 11A – via Newspapers.com.
  123. ↑ "How Michigan Voted". The Kalamazoo Gazette (Kalamazoo, Michigan). March 29, 1988. p. A2 – via Newspapers.com.
  124. ↑ "Jackson's Michigan Delegate Total At 77; First Official Count Has Dukakis At 52". Detroit Free Press (Detroit, Michigan). March 30, 1988. p. 12A – via Newspapers.com.
  125. ↑ "Dukakis Beats Jackson In N.D. Democratic Caucus Straw Polls". Grand Forks Herald (Grand Forks, North Dakota). March 27, 1988. p. 9A – via Newspapers.com.
  126. ↑ "Gephardt Impact Said Uncertain". The Dickinson Press (Dickinson, North Dakota). March 29, 1988. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com.
  127. ↑ "The Connecticut Primary; At A Glance". Hartford Courant (Hartford, Connecticut). March 30, 1988. p. B1 – via Newspapers.com.
  128. ↑ "Jackson Wins Big In Virgin Islands". San Francisco Chronicle (San Francisco, California). April 3, 1988. p. 3A – via Newspapers.com.
  129. ↑ "Gov. Dukakis Narrowly Edges Jackson In Colorado's Caucus Vote". Pueblo Chieftain (Pueblo, Colorado). April 6, 1988. p. 9A – via Newspapers.com.
  130. ↑ "Primary Vote Is Certified". The Evening Telegram (Superior, Wisconsin). May 12, 1988. p. 18 – via Newspapers.com.
  131. ↑ "Arizona Democratic Caucuses". Tucson Citizen (Tucson, Arizona). April 18, 1988. p. 2C – via Newspapers.com.
  132. ↑ "Dukakis Gets 54% In Ariz". Arizona Daily Star (Tucson, Arizona). April 18, 1988. p. 2C – via Newspapers.com.
  133. ↑ "Dukakis Gains 13 Votes At Nevada Convention". The Bismarck Tribune (Bismarck, North Dakota). April 17, 1988. p. 8D – via Newspapers.com.
  134. ↑ "Dukakis' Campaign On Roll At Convention". The Greenville News (Greenville, South Carolina). April 17, 1988. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  135. ↑ "Dukakis' Campaign On Roll At Convention (Continued)". The Greenville News (Greenville, South Carolina). April 17, 1988. p. 21A – via Newspapers.com.
  136. ↑ "State Democrats Go For Jackson". Evening Journal (Wilmington, Delaware). April 19, 1988. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  137. ↑ "State Democrats Go For Jackson (Continued)". Evening Journal (Wilmington, Delaware). April 19, 1988. p. A4 – via Newspapers.com.
  138. ↑ "Dukakis Won 50.9% Of N.Y. Vote". Democrat and Chronicle (Rochester, New York). May 11, 1988. p. 11A – via Newspapers.com.
  139. ↑ "It's Official: Dukakis Won NY Primary". Newsday (New York, New York). May 11, 1988. p. 11A – via Newspapers.com.
  140. ↑ "It's Official: Jackson Won Vermont Caucuses". Bennington Banner (Bennington, Vermont). April 29, 1988. p. 20 – via Newspapers.com.
  141. ↑ "Jackson Gets Denver OK". Pueblo Chieftain (Pueblo, Colorado). April 24, 1988. p. 6A – via Newspapers.com.
  142. ↑ "12 Declare As Dukakis Delegates". The Wichita Eagle-Beacon (Wichita, Kansas). April 24, 1988. p. 1C – via Newspapers.com.
  143. ↑ "Jackson Wins 7 In Kansas". The Wichita Eagle-Beacon (Wichita, Kansas). April 24, 1988. p. 4C – via Newspapers.com.
  144. ↑ "Guam Delegates Are Uncommitted". The Naples Daily News (Naples, Florida). May 8, 1988. p. 9A – via Newspapers.com.
  145. ↑ "At Convention, Utah Will Be Dukakis State; Jackson Loses Big In Delegate Derby". The Salt Lake Tribune (Salt Lake City, Utah). April 27, 1988. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  146. ↑ "State Releases Official Results From Primary". The Evening News (Harrisburg, Pennsylvania). June 9, 1988. p. B7 – via Newspapers.com.
  147. ↑ "In Pa., 2 Democrats Face Opposition Besides Each Other". The Philadelphia Inquirer (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). April 26, 1988. p. 8A – via Newspapers.com.
  148. ↑ "Dukakis Routs Jackson; Bush Sews It Up". Philadelphia Daily News (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). April 27, 1988. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com.
  149. ↑ "Dukakis Routs Jackson; Bush Sews It Up (Continued)". Philadelphia Daily News (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). April 27, 1988. p. 15 – via Newspapers.com.
  150. 1 2 "Democrats Vow Party-Rules Fight; Delegate Selection Targeted". The Patriot (Harrisburg, Pennsylvania). June 5, 1988. p. B1 – via Newspapers.com.
  151. ↑ "Dukakis Wins 19 Delegates". The Brainerd Daily Dispatch (Brainerd, Minnesota). May 2, 1988. p. 7A – via Newspapers.com.
  152. ↑ "Dukakis Thanks Hoosiers For Victory In Primary". The Herald-Telephone (Bloomington, Indiana). May 6, 1988. p. C10 – via Newspapers.com.
  153. ↑ "Bayh Got The Most Votes In Primary". Princeton Daily Clarion (Princeton, Indiana). June 3, 1988. p. 4 – via Newspapers.com.
  154. ↑ "Statewide Results". The Cincinnati Enquirer (Cincinnati, Ohio). May 4, 1988. p. A7 – via Newspapers.com.
  155. ↑ "Ohio Delegate Breakdown". The Akron Beacon Journal (Akron, Ohio). May 5, 1988. p. A7 – via Newspapers.com.
  156. ↑ "13th District Elected Lone Hart Delegates". News Journal (Mansfield, Ohio). July 20, 1988. p. A7 – via Newspapers.com.
  157. ↑ "Primary Results". The Sun (Baltimore, Maryland). May 4, 1988. p. 3A – via Newspapers.com.
  158. ↑ "Simon Delegates Are Keeping Busy". The Pantagraph (Bloomington, Illinois). May 8, 1988. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  159. ↑ "Dukakis, Jackson Split Vote; 8th District Gives Each 3 Delegates". The Duluth News-Tribune (Duluth, Minnesota). May 9, 1988. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  160. ↑ "Dukakis, Jackson Split Vote; 8th District Gives Each 3 Delegates (Continued)". The Duluth News-Tribune (Duluth, Minnesota). May 9, 1988. p. 6A – via Newspapers.com.
  161. ↑ "Dukakis Gains 13 Votes At Nevada Convention". Elko Daily Free Press (Elko, Nevada). May 9, 1988. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  162. ↑ "Dukakis Victor In Wyoming". Casper Star-Tribune (Casper, Wyoming). May 8, 1988. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  163. ↑ "Dukakis Victor In Wyoming (Continued)". Casper Star-Tribune (Casper, Wyoming). May 8, 1988. p. A16 – via Newspapers.com.
  164. ↑ "Dukakis Claims Democratic Nomination". The Lincoln Star (Lincoln, Nebraska). May 11, 1988. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  165. ↑ "Dukakis Claims Democratic Nomination". The Alliance Times-Herald (Alliance, Nebraska). May 11, 1988. p. 2 – via Newspapers.com.
  166. ↑ Cook, Rhodes. United States Presidential Primary Elections, 1968-1996: A Handbook of Election Statistics. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. p. 788-789. ISBN 1-56802-451-7.
  167. ↑ "Delegates '88". The Sun (Baltimore, Maryland). May 12, 1988. p. 4A – via Newspapers.com.
  168. ↑ "Ezzard Named 6th District Candidate". Pueblo Chieftain (Pueblo, Colorado). May 15, 1988. p. 4B – via Newspapers.com.
  169. ↑ "Dukakis Gains At Iowa District Conventions". The Des Moines Register (Des Moines, Iowa). May 15, 1988. p. 1B – via Newspapers.com.
  170. ↑ "Dukakis Gains At Iowa District Conventions (Continued)". The Des Moines Register (Des Moines, Iowa). May 15, 1988. p. 4B – via Newspapers.com.
  171. ↑ "Delegate Protests Rejected". The Wichita Eagle-Beacon (Wichita, Kansas). May 15, 1988. p. 1B – via Newspapers.com.
  172. ↑ "Campaign Challenge Drags On". The Wichita Eagle-Beacon (Wichita, Kansas). May 15, 1988. p. 8B – via Newspapers.com.
  173. ↑ "Compromise Slates Picked To Democratic Convention". Detroit Free Press (Detroit, Michigan). May 15, 1988. p. 3A – via Newspapers.com.
  174. ↑ "State Democrats Split Vote Evenly; Jackson, Dukakis Both Win 7 Delegates". Anchorage Times (Anchorage, Alaska). May 16, 1988. p. B1 – via Newspapers.com.
  175. ↑ "Delegates: Jackson, Dukakis Split Vote". Anchorage Times (Anchorage, Alaska). May 16, 1988. p. B2 – via Newspapers.com.
  176. ↑ "Maine Democrats Finish Delegate Selection". Portland Press Herald (Portland, Maine). May 16, 1988. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  177. ↑ "Maine Democrats Finish Delegate Selection (Continued)". Portland Press Herald (Portland, Maine). May 16, 1988. p. 8 – via Newspapers.com.
  178. ↑ "How Oregon Voted". Albany Democrat-Herald (Albany, Oregon). May 18, 1988. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com.
  179. 1 2 "State's Democrats Give Dukakis Edge". Pueblo Chieftain (Pueblo, Colorado). May 22, 1988. p. 3B – via Newspapers.com.
  180. ↑ "Dukakis To Control Vt.'s Delegation To National Convention". The Rutland Daily Herald (Rutland, Vermont). May 22, 1988. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  181. ↑ "Dukakis To Control Vt.'s Delegation To National Convention (Continued)". The Rutland Daily Herald (Rutland, Vermont). May 22, 1988. p. 8 – via Newspapers.com.
  182. ↑ "Jackson Gets Lion's Share Of State Delegates". Evening Journal (Wilmington, Delaware). May 24, 1988. p. B1 – via Newspapers.com.
  183. ↑ "Dukakis, Bush Are Handy Winners". The Coeur d'Alene Press (Coeur d'Alene, Idaho). May 25, 1988. p. 2 – via Newspapers.com.
  184. ↑ "State Democrats Pick 23 Delegates For Convention". Arizona Republic (Phoenix, Arizona). May 29, 1988. p. A8 – via Newspapers.com.
  185. ↑ "Openness Marks Democrats' Meet". Honolulu Star-Bulletin (Honolulu, Hawaii). May 30, 1988. p. A3 – via Newspapers.com.
  186. ↑ "Mofford Appears At Dinner; Attends Party; Feels 'Rough'". Arizona Republic (Phoenix, Arizona). June 5, 1988. p. A8 – via Newspapers.com.
  187. ↑ "Robertson Backers Join Convention Grumps". The Columbian (Vancouver, Washington). June 5, 1988. p. A5 – via Newspapers.com.
  188. ↑ "Election Results". The Tribune (Oakland, California). June 9, 1988. p. A15 – via Newspapers.com.
  189. ↑ "California's Democratic Presidential Vote". The Los Angeles Times (Los Angeles, California). June 9, 1988. p. 23 – via Newspapers.com.
  190. ↑ "National, State Race Results". The Billings Gazette (Billings, Montana). June 9, 1988. p. 23 – via Newspapers.com.
  191. ↑ "Drawing The Battle Lines". The Montana Standard (Butte, Montana). June 9, 1988. p. 7 – via Newspapers.com.
  192. ↑ "National, State Race Results". The Courier-News (Bridgewater, New Jersey). June 8, 1988. p. A7 – via Newspapers.com.
  193. ↑ "Dukakis Warned About 'Giving In'". The Times (Trenton, New Jersey). June 9, 1988. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  194. ↑ "Dukakis Warned About 'Giving In' (Continued)". The Times (Trenton, New Jersey). June 9, 1988. p. A11 – via Newspapers.com.
  195. ↑ "Delegation To Favor Dukakis". Albuquerque Journal (Albuquerque, New Mexico). June 12, 1988. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  196. ↑ "N.M. Delegation Goes To Atlanta For Dukakis". Albuquerque Journal (Albuquerque, New Mexico). June 12, 1988. p. A2 – via Newspapers.com.
  197. ↑ "Officials Release Primary Election Results". The Deming Headlight (Deming, New Mexico). June 29, 1988. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  198. ↑ "DFLers Wrap Up Meeting; Dukakis Gets 17 Delegates, Jackson Camp Garners 10". The Winona Daily News (Winona, Minnesota). June 13, 1988. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  199. ↑ "DFL/Simon, Pro-Lifers Are Major Losers At Convention". The Winona Daily News (Winona, Minnesota). June 13, 1988. p. 4A – via Newspapers.com.
  200. ↑ "Dukakis Has Majority Of Demo Delegation". Spokane Chronicle (Spokane, Washington). June 13, 1988. p. A9 – via Newspapers.com.
  201. ↑ "Battle Ensues Over Delegate Selection". The Times-News (Twin Falls, Idaho). June 19, 1988. p. A3 – via Newspapers.com.
  202. ↑ "Idaho Democratic Delegates Named". Shoshone County News-Press (Kellogg, Idaho). June 21, 1988. p. 4 – via Newspapers.com.
  203. ↑ "Dukakis Grabs Texas Votes". The Odessa American (Odessa, Texas). June 18, 1988. p. 22A – via Newspapers.com.
  204. ↑ "The Gazette". The Des Moines Register (Des Moines, Iowa). June 27, 1988. p. 5A – via Newspapers.com.
  205. ↑ "Demos To Replace Retiring Rampton, Norma Matheson At State Convention". The Salt Lake Tribune (Salt Lake City, Utah). June 23, 1988. p. B3 – via Newspapers.com.
  206. ↑ Brummert, John (1988-07-22). "I just fell on my sword". Arkansas Democrat-Gazette.
  207. ↑ "Our Campaigns - US President - D Convention Race - Jul 18, 1988". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 5 April 2018.