2019 in equestrianism
Years in equestrianism |
2019 in sports |
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2019 Rolex Grand Slam of Show Jumping
- March 14 – 17: The Dutch Masters 2019 (GSSJ #1) in
's-Hertogenbosch
- Winner:
Henrik von Eckermann (with horse Toveks Mary Lou)
- Winner:
- July 12 – 21: CHIO Aachen 2019 (GSSJ #2) in
Aachen
- Winner:
Kent Farrington (with horse Gazelle)
- Winner:
- September 4 – 8: 2019 CSIO Spruce Meadows “Masters” (GSSJ #3) in
Calgary
- Winner:
Beezie Madden (with horse Darry Lou)
- Winner:
- December 12 – 15: The CHI Geneva, Switzerland, 2019 (GSSJ #4; final) in
Geneva
- February 28 – March 2: GCT #1 in
Doha Winner:
Julien Epaillard (with horse Usual Suspect d'Auge)
- April 11 – 13: GCT #2 in
Mexico City Winner:
Jérôme Guery (with horse Quel Homme de Hus)
- April 18 – 20: GCT #3 in
Miami Beach Winner:
Pieter Devos (with horse Claire Z)
- May 3 – 5: GCT #4 in
Shanghai Winner:
Dani G. Waldman (with horse Lizziemary)
- May 17 – 19: GCT #5 in
Madrid Winner:
Martin Fuchs (with horse Chaplin)
- May 29 – June 1: GCT #6 in
Hamburg Winner:
Daniel Deusser (with horse Jasmien V. Bisschop)
- June 6 – 8: GCT #7 in
Cannes Winner:
Niels Bruynseels (with horse Gancia de Muze)
- June 14 – 16: GCT #8 in
Stockholm Winner:
Peder Fredricson (with horse H&M All In)
- June 20 – 22: GCT #9 in
Cascais-Estoril Winner:
Martin Fuchs (with horse Chaplin)
- June 27 – 29: GCT #10 in
Monaco Winner:
Maikel van der Vleuten (with horse Beauville Z)
- July 5 – 7: GCT #11 in
Paris Winner:
Christian Ahlmann (with horse Take A Chance On Me Z)
- July 12 – 14: GCT #12 in
Chantilly Winner:
Darragh Kenny (with horse Balou du Reventon)
- July 26 – 28: GCT #13 in
Berlin Winner:
Dani G. Waldman (with horse Lizziemary)
- August 2 – 4: GCT #14 in
London Winner:
Ben Maher (with horse Explosion W)
- August 9 – 11: GCT #15 in
Valkenswaard Winner:
Maikel van der Vleuten (with horse Dana Blue)
- September 6 – 8: GCT #16 in
Rome Winner:
Ben Maher (with horse Explosion W)
- September 12 – 14: GCT #17 in
Ramatuelle-Saint-Tropez Winner:
Jessica Springsteen (with horse RMF Zecilie)
- September 27 – 29: GCT #18 in
New York City Winner:
Ben Maher (with horse Explosion W)
- November 21 – 24: GCT #19 (final) in
Prague
2018–19 FEI World Cup Jumping
- April 17, 2018 – November 18, 2018: 2018 FEI World Cup Jumping – South America South League
- April 21, 2018 – December 1, 2018: 2018 FEI World Cup Jumping –
Japan League
- April 26, 2018 – May 27, 2018: 2018 FEI World Cup Jumping – Central Asian League (incomplete)
- April 26, 2018 – October 28, 2018: 2018 FEI World Cup Jumping –
South African League
- April 28, 2018 – October 7, 2018: 2018 FEI World Cup Jumping –
China League
- May 10, 2018 – March 10, 2019: 2018–19 FEI World Cup Jumping – Central European League
- North CEL winner:
Kullo Kender (with horse Artas)
- South CEL winner:
Andrea Herck (with three different horses)
- March 7 – 10: 2019 Central European League Final in
Warsaw
- Overall winner:
Jaroslaw Skrzyczynski
- March 7 – 10: 2019 Central European League Final in
- North CEL winner:
- June 20, 2018 – February 8, 2019: 2018–19 FEI World Cup Jumping – Caucasus-Caspian League
- July 28, 2018 – February 3, 2019: 2018–19 FEI World Cup Jumping –
Australian League
- August 21, 2018 – March 10, 2019: 2018–19 FEI World Cup Jumping – North American League
- Eastern NAL winner:
Beezie Madden (with 4 different horses)
- Western NAL winner:
Richard Spooner (with horses Quirado RC & Quitana 11)
- Eastern NAL winner:
- August 30, 2018 – February 2, 2019: 2018–19 FEI World Cup Jumping –
Arab League
- Middle East Sub-League winner:
Ramzy Al-Duhami (with horses Ted & High Quality J)
- North African Sub-League winner:
Abdel Saïd (with horses Venise du Reverdy & Jumpy van de Hermitage)
- Middle East Sub-League winner:
- October 10, 2018 – February 10, 2019: 2018–19 FEI World Cup Jumping –
Western European League
- Winner:
Daniel Deusser (with three different horses)
- Winner:
- October 19, 2018 – December 16, 2018: 2018 FEI World Cup Jumping – South East Asian League
- October 19, 2018 – January 13, 2019: 2018–19 FEI World Cup Jumping –
New Zealand League
2018–19 FEI World Cup Dressage
- March 22, 2018 – March 23, 2019: 2018–19 FEI World Cup Dressage –
Pacific League
- Werribee #1 winner:
Alexis Hellyer (with horse Bluefields Floreno)
- Boneo #1 winner:
Brett Parbery (with horse DP Weltmieser)
- Boneo #2 winner:
Matthew Dowsley (with horse AEA Prestige)
- Melbourne winner:
Suzanne Hearn (with horse Remmington)
- Boneo #3 winner:
Rozzie Ryan (with horse Jarrah R)
- Werribee #2 winner:
Katharine Farrell (with horse Luxor 118)
- Werribee #1 winner:
- April 25, 2018 – March 10, 2019: 2018–19 FEI World Cup Dressage – Central European League
- April 26, 2018 – April 14, 2019: 2018–19 FEI World Cup Dressage – North American League
- Del Mar Fairgrounds winner:
Steffen Peters (with horse Suppenkasper)
- Saugerties #1 winner:
Laura Noyes Putnam (with horse Galveston) (default)
- Saugerties #2 winner:
Jane Karol (with horse Sunshine Tour) (default)
- Devon winner:
Jessica Jo Tate (with horse Faberge)
- Wellington #1 winner:
Laura Graves (with horse Verdades)
- Wellington #2 winner:
Laura Graves (with horse Verdades)
- Temecula #1 winner:
Nick Wagman (with horse Don John)
- Wellington #3 winner:
Kasey Perry-Glass (with horse Goerklintgaards Dublet)
- Wellington #4 winner:
Laura Graves (with horse Verdades)
- Temecula #2 winner:
Jennifer Schrader-Williams (with horse Millione) (default)
- Temecula #3 winner:
Steffen Peters (with horse Suppenkasper)
- Del Mar Fairgrounds winner:
- October 17, 2018 – March 17, 2019: 2018–19 FEI World Cup Dressage –
Western European League
- Winner:
Helen Langehanenberg (with horse Damsey FRH)
- Winner:
2019 Show Jumping World Cup and Dressage World Cup Finals
- April 3 – 7: 2019 FEI World Cup Show Jumping and Dressage Finals in
Gothenburg
- Jumping winner:
Steve Guerdat (with horse Alamo)
- Dressage winner:
Isabell Werth (with horse Weihegold OLD)
- Jumping winner:
2019 FEI Nations Cup Jumping
- February 13 – 17: NCJ #1 in
Wellington (Deeridge Farms)
- Individual winners: Three different riders and horses took first place here.
- Team winners:
Mexico (Fernando Martínez Sommer (with horse Cor Bakker), Eugenio Garza Perez (with horse Victer Finn DH Z), Juan Jose Zendejas Salgado (with horse Tino la Chapelle), & Manuel González Dufrane (with horse Hortensia van de Leeuwerk))
- February 20 – 23: NCJ #2 in
Abu Dhabi
- Individual winner:
Abdel Said (with horse Venise du Reverdy)
- Team winners:
Germany (Mario Stevens (with horse Talisman de Mazure), Sven Schlüsselburg (with horse Bud Spencer 7), Miriam Schneider (with horse Fidelius G), & Philipp Weishaupt (with horse Catokia 2))
- Individual winner:
- May 2 – 5: NCJ #3 in
Xalapa (Coapexpan)
- Individual winner:
Lorenza O'Farrill (with horse Queens Darling)
- Team winners:
Mexico (Patricio Pasquel (with horse Babel), Manuel González Dufrane (with horse Hortensia van de Leeuwerk), Lorenza O'Farrill (with horse Queens Darling), & Salvador Oñate (with horse Big Red))
- Individual winner:
- May 16 – 19: NCJ #4 in
La Baule-Escoublac
- Individual winners: Five different riders and horses took first place here.
- Team winners:
Switzerland (Niklaus Rutschi (with horse Cardano CH), Bryan Balsiger (with horse Clouzot de Lassus), Paul Estermann (with horse Lord Pepsi), & Steve Guerdat (with horse Albfuehren's Bianca))
- May 28 – June 2: NCJ #5 in
Langley
- Individual winners: Six different riders and horses took first place here.
- Team winners:
Canada (Lisa Carlsen (with horse Parette), Nicole Walker (with horse Falco van Spieveld), Tiffany Foster (with horse Figor), & Mario Deslauriers (with horse Bardolina 2))
- May 30 – June 2: NCJ #6 in
St. Gallen
- Individual winners: Five different riders and horses took first place here.
- Team winners:
France (Pénélope Leprevost (with horse Vancouver de Lanlore), Guillaume Foutrier (with horse Valdocco des Caps), Nicolas Delmotte (with horse Urvoso du Roch), & Kevin Staut (with horse Calevo 2))
- June 13 – 16: NCJ #7 in
Sopot
- Individual winners: Four different riders and horses took first place here.
- Team winners:
Belgium (Niels Bruynseels (with horse Delux van T & L), Gudrun Patteet (with horse Sea Coast Valdelamadre Clooney), Yves Vanderhasselt (with horse Jeunesse), & Pieter Devos (with horse Apart))
- June 20 – 23: NCJ #8 in
Geesteren
- Individual winner:
Felipe Amaral (with horse Germanico T)
- Team winners:
Brazil (Marlon Modolo Zanotelli (with horse Sirene de la Motte), Felipe Amaral (with horse Germanico T), Pedro Junqueira Muylaert (with horse C'est Dorijke), & Pedro Veniss (with horse Quabri de L'Isle))
- Individual winner:
- July 11 – 14: NCJ #9 in
Falsterbo
- Individual winners: Four different riders and horses took first place here.
- Team winners:
Sweden (Malin Baryard-Johnsson (with horse H&M Indiana), Fredrik Jonsson (with horse Cold Play), Stephanie Holmen (with horse Flip's Little Sparrow), & Peder Fredricson (with horse H&M All In))
- July 25 – 28: NCJ #10 in
Hickstead (West Sussex)
- Individual winners: Seven different riders and horses took first place here.
- Team winners:
Sweden (Fredrik Jonsson (with horse Cold Play), Angelie von Essen (with horse Luikan Q), Peder Fredricson (with horse Zacramento), & Rolf-Göran Bengtsson (with horse Oak Grove's Carlyle))
- August 7 – 11: NCJ #11 in
Dublin
- Individual winners: Three different riders and horses took first place here.
- Team winners:
Great Britain (Ben Maher (with horse Concona), Scott Brash (with horse Hello Jefferson), Emily Moffitt (with horse Winning Good), & Holly Smith (with horse Hearts Destiny))
- October 3 – 6: Longines FEI Jumping Nations Cup Final in
Barcelona
- Individual winner:
Massimo Grossato (with horse Lazzaro delle Schiave)
- Team winners:
Ireland (Peter Moloney (with horse Chianti's Champion), Paul O'Shea (with horse Skara Glen's Machu Picchu), Darragh Kenny (with horse Balou du Reventon), & Cian O'Connor (with horse PSG Final))
- Individual winner:
2019 FEI Nations Cup Dressage
- March 12 – 17: NCD #1 in
Wellington
- Individual winner:
Shelly Francis (with horse Danilo)
- Team winners:
United States (Ashley Holzer (with horse Valentine), Jennifer Baumert (with horse Handsome), Charlotte Jorst (with horse Kastel's Nintendo), & Shelly Francis (with horse Danilo))
- Individual winner:
- May 16 – 19: NCD #2 in
Compiègne
- Individual winner:
Emmelie Scholtens (with horse Desperado)
- Team winners:
Great Britain (Richard Davison (with horse Bubblingh), Charlotte Fry (with horse Dark Legend), Carl Hester (with horse Hawtins Delicato), & Gareth Hughes (with horse Classic Briolinca))
- Individual winner:
- May 23 – 26: NCD #3 in
Uggerhalne
- Individual winner:
Agnete Kirk Thinggaard (with horse Jojo AZ)
- Team winners:
Denmark (Agnete Kirk Thinggaard (with horse Jojo AZ), Daniel Bachmann Andersen (with horse Blue Hors Don Olymbrio), Cathrine Dufour (with horse Bohemian), & Carina Cassøe Krüth (with horse May-Day Graftebjerg))
- Individual winner:
- June 17 – 23: NCD #4 in
Geesteren
- Individual winner:
Edward Gal (with horse Glock's Zonik N.O.P.)
- Team winners:
Netherlands (Edward Gal (with horse Glock's Zonik N.O.P.), Emmelie Scholtens (with horse Desperado), Anne Meulendijks (with horse MDH Avanti N.O.P., & Hans Peter Minderhoud (with horse Glock's Dream Boy N.O.P.))
- Individual winner:
- July 5 – 7: NCD #5 in
Järvenpää
- Individual winner:
Henri Ruoste (with horse Roble)
- Team winners:
Sweden (Gunilla Byström (with horse Vectra), Märit Olofsson Nääs (with horse Strolchi), Lena Wiman (with horse Donnerstein), & Tinne Vilhelmson-Silfvén (with horse Esperance))
- Individual winner:
- July 11 – 14: NCD #6 in
Falsterbo
- Individual winner:
Daniel Bachmann Andersen (with horse Blue Hors Zack)
- Team winners:
Sweden (Patrik Kittel (with horse Well Done de la Roche CMF), Juliette Ramel (with horse Wall Street JV), Malin Wahlkamp-Nilsson (with horse Eddieni), & Minna Telde (with horse Isac))
- Individual winner:
- July 17 – 21: NCD #7 in
Aachen
- Individual winner:
Isabell Werth (with horse Bella Rose 2)
- Team winners:
Germany (Jessica von Bredow-Werndl (with horse TSF Dalera BB), Helen Langehanenberg (with horse Damsey FRH), Isabell Werth (with horse Bella Rose 2), & Dorothee Schneider (with horse Showtime FRH))
- Individual winner:
- July 25 – 28: NCD #8 (final) in
Hickstead (West Sussex)
- Individual winner:
Lara Butler (with horse Rubin Al-Asad)
- Team winners:
Portugal (Miguel Ralão Duarte (with horse Xenofonte d'Atela), Duarte Nogueira (with horse Beirao), Rodrigo Torres (with horse Fogoso), & João Miguel Torrao (with horse Equador))
- Individual winner:
2019 FEI Nations Cup Eventing
- May 23 – 26: NCE #1 in
Houghton Hall
- Individual winner:
Christoph Wahler (with horse Carjatan S)
- Team winners:
Germany (Christoph Wahler (with horse Carjatan S), Jerome Robine (with horse Quaddeldou R Old), Ingrid Klimke (with horse Asha P), & Felix Etzel (with horse Bandit 436))
- Individual winner:
- June 5 – 9: NCE #2 in
Pratoni del Vivaro (Olympic Qualifier for 2020)
- Individual winner:
Niklas Lindbäck (with horse Focus Filiocus)
- Team winners:
Switzerland (Tiziana Realini (with horse Toubleu de Rueire), Caroline Gerber (with horse Tresor de Chignan CH), & Patrizia Attinger (with horse Mooney Amach))
- Individual winner:
- June 26 – 30: NCE #3 in
Strzegom
- Individual winner:
Michael Jung (with horse Fischerchipmunk FRH)
- Team winners:
Germany (Michael Jung (with horse Fischerchipmunk FRH), Andreas Dibowski (with horse FRH Corrida), Josefa Sommer (with horse Hamilton 24), & Miriam Engel (with horse Bonita Bella))
- Individual winner:
- July 24 – 28: NCE #4 in
Camphire Cappoquin
- Individual winner:
Sam Watson (with horse Imperial Sky)
- Team winners:
New Zealand (Tim Price (with horse Bango), Mark Todd (with horse Leonidas II), & Jonelle Price (with horse Grappa Nera))
- Individual winner:
- August 7 – 11: NCE #5 in
Le Pin-au-Haras
- Individual winner:
Karim Florent Laghouag (with horse Punch de l'Esques)
- Team winners:
France (Karim Florent Laghouag (with horse Punch de l'Esques), Clara Loiseau (with horse Wont Wait), Jean Teulère (with horse Voila d'Auzay), & Thais Meheust (with horse Quamilha))
- Individual winner:
- September 19 – 22: NCE #6 in
Waregem
- Individual winner:
Ingrid Klimke (with horse SAP Asha P)
- Team winners:
Germany (Ingrid Klimke (with horse SAP Asha P), Andreas Dibowski (with horse FRH Butts Avedon), Andreas Ostholt (with horse Corvette 31), & Frank Ostholt (with horse Jum Jum))
- Individual winner:
- October 10 – 13: NCE #7 (final) in
Boekelo (Olympic Qualifier for 2020)
- Individual winner:
Laura Collett (with horse London 52)
- Team winners:
Germany (Sandra Auffarth (with horse Let's Dance 73), Michael Jung (with horse Fischerrocana FRH), Ingrid Klimke (with horse SAP Asha P), & Anna Siemer (with horse Betel's Bella))
- Individual winner:
United States
- May 4: 2019 Kentucky Derby at
Churchill Downs
- Horse:
Country House; Jockey:
Flavien Prat; Trainer:
William I. Mott
- Horse:
- May 18: 2019 Preakness Stakes at
Pimlico
- Horse:
War of Will; Jockey:
Tyler Gaffalione; Trainer:
Mark E. Casse
- Horse:
- June 8: 2019 Belmont Stakes at
Belmont Park
- Horse:
Sir Winston; Jockey:
Joel Rosario; Trainer:
Mark E. Casse
- Horse:
- November 1 & 2: 2019 Breeders' Cup at
Churchill Downs.
- Other notable races
- January 26: 2019 Pegasus World Cup at
Gulfstream Park
- Horse:
City of Light; Jockey:
Javier Castellano; Trainer:
Michael McCarthy
- Horse:
- June 8: 2019 Metropolitan Handicap at
Belmont Park
- Horse:
Mitole; Jockey:
Ricardo Santana Jr.; Trainer:
Steven M. Asmussen
- Horse:
- TBA: 2019 Haskell Invitational Stakes at
Monmouth Park
- TBA: 2019 Arlington Million at
Arlington Park
- TBA: 2019 Pacific Classic Stakes at
Del Mar Racetrack
- TBA: 2019 Travers Stakes at
Saratoga Race Course
- TBA: 2019 Jockey Club Gold Cup at
Belmont Park
United Kingdom
- May 4: 2019 2000 Guineas Stakes at
Newmarket
- Winner:
Magna Grecia (Jockey: Donnacha O'Brien, Trainer: Aidan O'Brien)
- Winner:
- May 5: 2019 1000 Guineas Stakes at
Newmarket
- Winner:
Hermosa (Jockey: Wayne Lordan, Trainer: Aidan O'Brien)
- Winner:
- May 31: 2019 Epsom Oaks at
Epsom
- Winner:
Anapurna (Jockey: Frankie Dettori, Trainer: John Gosden)
- Winner:
- June 1: 2019 Epsom Derby at
Epsom
- Winner:
Anthony Van Dyck (Jockey: Seamie Heffernan, Trainer: Aidan O'Brien)
- Winner:
- TBA: 2019 St Leger Stakes at
Doncaster
- Other notable races
- TBA: 2019 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes at
Ascot
- TBA: 2019 International Stakes at
York
- TBA: 2019 British Champions Day at
Ascot
Ireland
- May 25: 2019 Irish 2,000 Guineas at
Curragh
- Winner:
Phoenix of Spain (Jockey: Jamie Spencer, Trainer: Charles Hills)
- Winner:
- May 26: 2019 Irish 1,000 Guineas at
Curragh
- Winner:
Hermosa (Jockey: Ryan Moore, Trainer: Aidan O'Brien)
- Winner:
- June 29: 2019 Irish Derby at
Curragh
- Winner:
Sovereign (Jockey: Padraig Beggy, Trainer: Aidan O'Brien)
- Winner:
- TBA: 2019 Irish Oaks at
Curragh
- TBA: 2019 Irish St. Leger at
Curragh
- Other notable races
- TBA: 2019 Irish Champion Stakes at
Leopardstown
France
- May 12: 2019 Poule d'Essai des Pouliches (French 1,000 Guineas) at
Longchamp
- Winner:
Castle Lady (Jockey: Mickael Barzalona, Trainer: Henri-Alex Pantell)
- Winner:
- May 12: 2019 Poule d'Essai des Poulains (French 2,000 Guineas) at
Longchamp
- Winner:
Persian King (Jockey: Pierre-Charles Boudot, Trainer:
André Fabre)
- Winner:
- June 2: 2019 Prix du Jockey Club (French Derby) at
Chantilly
- Winner:
Sottsass (Jockey: Cristian Demuro, Trainer: Jean-Claude Rouget)
- Winner:
- June 16: 2019 Prix de Diane (French Oaks) at
Chantilly
- Winner:
Channel (Jockey: Pierre-Charles Boudot, Trainer: F-H Graffard)
- Winner:
- TBA: 2019 Grand Prix de Paris at
Longchamp
- TBA: 2019 Prix Royal-Oak (French St Leger) at
Longchamp
- Other notable races
- June 30: 2019 Grand Prix de Saint-Cloud at
Saint-Cloud
- Winner:
Coronet (Jockey: Frankie Dettori, Trainer: John Gosden)
- Winner:
- TBA: 2019 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe at
Longchamp
Australia
- March 9: 2019 Randwick Guineas at
Randwick
- Winner:
The Autumn Sun (Jockey: Kerrin McEvoy, Trainer: Chris Waller)
- Winner:
- March 23: 2019 Rosehill Guineas at
Rosehill
- Winner:
The Autumn Sun (Jockey: Kerrin McEvoy, Trainer: Chris Waller)
- Winner:
- April 6: 2019 Australian Derby at
Randwick
- Winner:
Angel of Truth (Jockey: Corey Brown, Trainer: Gwenda Markwell)
- Winner:
- Other notable races
- April 13: 2019 Queen Elizabeth Stakes at
Randwick
- Winner:
Winx (Jockey: Hugh Bowman, Trainer: Chris Waller)
- Winner:
- October 19: 2019 Caulfield Cup at
Caulfield
- October 26: 2019 W. S. Cox Plate at
Moonee Valley
- November 5: 2019 Melbourne Cup at
Flemington
Canada
- June 29: 2019 Queen's Plate at
Woodbine
- Winner:
One Bad Boy (Jockey: Flavien Prat, Trainer: Richard Baltas)
- Winner:
- July 23: 2019 Prince of Wales Stakes at
Fort Erie
- August 17: 2019 Breeders' Stakes at
Woodbine
- Other notable races
- October 12: 2019 Canadian International Stakes at
Woodbine
Hong Kong
- Hong Kong Triple Crown
- January 20: 2019 Hong Kong Stewards' Cup at
Sha Tin
- Winner:
Beauty Generation (Trainer: John Moore, Jockey: Zac Purton)
- Winner:
- February 17: 2019 Hong Kong Gold Cup at
Sha Tin
- Winner:
Exultant (Trainer: Anthony S. Cruz, Jockey: Zac Purton)
- Winner:
- May 26: 2019 Hong Kong Champions & Chater Cup at
Sha Tin
- Other notable races
- April 28: 2019 Queen Elizabeth II Cup at
Sha Tin
- Winner:
Win Bright (Trainer: Yoshihiro Hatakeyama, Jockey: Masami Matsuoka)
- Winner:
- TBA: 2019 Hong Kong Cup at
Sha Tin
Other international horse racing events
- March 30: 2019 Dubai World Cup at
Meydan
- Winner:
Thunder Snow (Jockey: Christophe Soumillon, Trainer: Saeed bin Suroor)
- Winner:
- March 30: 2019 Dubai Sheema Classic at
Meydan
- Winner:
Old Persian (Jockey: William Buick, Trainer: Charlie Appleby)
- Winner:
- TBA: 2019 Japan Cup at
Tokyo