1996 Spanish general election

1996 Spanish general election
← 1993
3 March 1996
2000 →
All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies and 208 (of 257) seats in the Senate
176 seats needed for a majority in the Congress of Deputies
Opinion polls
Registered32,531,833 Increase 4.8%
Turnout25,172,058 (77.4%)
Increase 1.0 pp
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader José María Aznar Felipe González Julio Anguita
Party PP PSOE IU
Leader since 2 September 1989 28 September 1979 12 February 1989
Leader's seat Madrid Madrid Madrid
Last election 142 seats, 35.4% 159 seats, 38.8% 18 seats, 9.6%
Seats won 156 141 21
Seat change Increase 14 Decrease 18 Increase 3
Popular vote 9,716,006 9,425,678 2,639,774
Percentage 38.8% 37.6% 10.5%
Swing Increase 3.4 pp Decrease 1.2 pp Increase 0.9 pp
  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
 
Leader Joaquim Molins Iñaki Anasagasti José Carlos Mauricio
Party CiU EAJ/PNV CC
Leader since 31 January 1995 1986 1996
Leader's seat Barcelona Biscay Las Palmas
Last election 17 seats, 4.9% 5 seats, 1.2% 4 seats, 0.9%
Seats won 16 5 4
Seat change Decrease 1 Steady 0 Steady 0
Popular vote 1,151,633 318,951 220,418
Percentage 4.6% 1.3% 0.9%
Swing Decrease 0.3 pp Increase 0.1 pp Steady 0.0 pp
Map of Spain showcasing winning party's strength by constituency
Map of Spain showcasing winning party's strength by autonomous community
Map of Spain showcasing seat distribution by Congress of Deputies constituency
Prime Minister before election

Felipe González
PSOE

 Prime Minister after election

José María Aznar
PP

A general election was held in Spain on 3 March 1996 to elect the members of the 6th Cortes Generales under the Spanish Constitution of 1978. All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 208 of 257 seats in the Senate. It was held concurrently with a regional election in Andalusia and fifteen months ahead of schedule, after a legislative term of just two-and-a-half years.

Ever since forming a minority government after its victory in the 1993 election, the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) had to deal with the impact of the early 1990s recession in the Spanish economy, amid soaring unemployment, an increase in public deficit and GDP contraction. Internal divisions flourished at the 1994 PSOE congress between supporters of Prime Minister Felipe González and those of deputy leader Alfonso Guerra. González's cabinet was also rocked by the unveiling of a string of scandals, including accusations of misusing the "reserved funds" (the government's black budget for special operations) to pay for undeclared bonuses to high-ranking officials (the Roldán affair) and fund a "dirty war" against the ETA group through the GAL death squads; ongoing investigations into the Filesa and Ibercorp affairs; alleged tax evasion by former and current cabinet members; and illegal espionage by the CESID, the Spanish intelligence agency. Amid mounting political pressure, a snap election was triggered after Convergence and Union (CiU) withdrew its confidence and supply support from the government in mid 1995 and helped vote down the 1996 General State Budget in October that year.

The election resulted in the first PSOE defeat in a general election since 1979, but opinion poll predictions of a landslide victory by the opposition José María Aznar's People's Party (PP)—which had achieved resounding wins in the 1994 European Parliament election and the 1995 local and regional elections—failed to materialize. The PP, which aimed to secure enough support to govern alone (Aznar's coined "sufficient majority"), saw the election turn into the closest result between the two major parties in the Spanish democratic period to date; a PSOE comeback, fueled by a strong 77.4% voter turnout (the highest scored ever since) left the PP leading by just 1.2 percentage points and 290,000 votes, falling 20 seats short of an outright overall majority. Julio Anguita's United Left—which had hoped to come close or even surpass the PSOE, in the so-called sorpasso—also failed to meet expectations, despite scoring over 10% in their best overall result in a general election since the Communist Party of Spain's one in 1979.

At 156 seats, this would be the worst performance for a winning party in the democratic period until the 2015 election. The results forced Aznar to seek support for his investiture from peripheral nationalists, which he had ferociously attacked in the previous years over their alliance with González's government. After two months of negotiations, agreements were reached with CiU, the Basque Nationalist Party and Canarian Coalition (in what would become known as the Majestic Pacts), enabling Aznar to become prime minister at the helm of a centre-right minority cabinet, and signalling the end of over 13 years of Socialist government in Spain.

Background

Following the victory of the ruling Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) at the 1993 general election, Felipe González was able to be re-elected as prime minister of Spain for a fourth term in office through a confidence and supply alliance with the Catalan nationalist Convergence and Union (CiU) and the support of the Basque Nationalist Party, both of which rejected the possibility of joining a coalition cabinet despite earlier speculation. The animosity between González's PSOE and Julio Anguita's United Left (IU) made any agreement between the two parties unfeasible, despite their combined parliamentary majority.

The 1992–1993 economic crisis continued, with González's fourth government having to face the impact of unemployment growth, a large public deficit and recession. The cabinet enforced a labour reform legalizing temporary work agencies, introducing "junk contracts", easening employers' ability to modify working conditions, reducing overtime and severance pays and making regulations on hiring and collective bargaining more flexible; this was met with a general strike in January 1994. Economic recovery started that year with a slow decrease of unemployment rates and a GDP growth of 2%, but the deficit in the social security system led to the Toledo Pact: a multi-party agreement to transfer all health care system and social assistance benefit financial obligations to the General State Budget (being henceforth funded through general taxes), while social security contributions were maintained to fund pensions. Another agreement also saw the approval of the first fully-democratic Criminal Code.

The Basque ETA group maintained its activity, which saw the 1993 Madrid bombings, the January 1995 killing of Gregorio Ordóñez (a PP local councillor in San Sebastián), attempted assassination plots on the opposition leader, José María Aznar (in April 1995), and on King Juan Carlos I (in the summer of 1995), the 1995 Vallecas bombing, and the kidnapping of prison officer José Antonio Ortega Lara in January 1996. The internal conflict within the PSOE between González's "renovators" (Spanish: renovadores) and Alfonso Guerra's supporters (guerristas) led to the former's victory at the 1994 party congress, while disagreements with González led to the resignation from the government of judge Baltasar Garzón, a star candidate in the 1993 election. Internationally, Spain held the presidency of the Council of the European Union in 1995 and was part of the NATO intervention in the Bosnian War (particularly the May 1995 Pale air strikes), which helped the selection of the Spanish foreign minister, Javier Solana, as new NATO secretary general in December 1995.

Close-up photo of Luis Roldán
Luis Roldán served as director general of the Civil Guard from 1986 to 1993.

This period saw the uncovering of numerous corruption scandals affecting the ruling PSOE. The Roldán affair kicked off in November 1993 with reports of a large increase in Luis Roldán's wealth during his time as Civil Guard's director; this was later traced to illicit bonus payments from the Interior ministry's "reserved funds" (the government's black budget intended to finance operations against terrorism and drug trafficking) and the collection of kickbacks from the awarding of public contracts by Gabriel Urralburu while serving as Navarrese president. In April 1994, Roldán fled the country to escape prosecution—causing the resignation of the interior minister, Antoni Asunción—and later admitted to the wrongdoing. He was captured on 27 February 1995 in Laos amid unconfirmed claims of a deal with the government. Concurrently, Mariano Rubio was revealed to own undeclared bank accounts in the Ibercorp investment bank and to have used insider trading as Bank of Spain governor to amass his wealth; this prompted the resignations as PSOE's parliamentary spokesperson of Carlos Solchaga (former economy minister and a Rubio supporter in the early stages of the Ibercorp affair) and of Vicente Albero as agriculture minister (after it transpired that he owned an undeclared bank account related to the scandal).

Logo of the GAL
Symbol used by the GAL death squads

In December 1994, two policemen convicted in 1991 for the Marey affair—the use of death squads, the Liberation Antiterrorist Groups (GAL), in a "dirty war" against ETA—admitted the involvement of a number of former National Police and Interior ministry officers (including former minister José Barrionuevo and security directors Julián Sancristóbal and Rafael Vera) and the financing of the GAL through the reserved funds, leading the Spanish National Court to re-open investigations on the affair in February 1995. Some defendants accused Felipe González of "knowing and allowing [the GAL's] activities", even hinting at his responsibility in establishing and financing the squads (the "Mr. X" person attributed leadership over the GAL network). The new investigations also involved the GAL in the killing of Lasa and Zabala one decade earlier. Barrionuevo, Vera and Sancristóbal would be convicted for the scandal, but the Spanish Supreme Court concluded in 1996 that there was no proof of González's involvement.

Other scandals would see Banesto chairman Mario Conde prosecuted for various crimes: fraud and misappropriation over the Banesto affair in late 1993 (the entity's failure and subsequent intervention by the government) and forgery over the Argentia Trust affair in 1994; the BOE affair (alleged embezzlement of public funds through the purchase of overpriced newsprint for the Official State Gazette, BOE); the Salanueva affair (involving former BOE director Carmen Salanueva fraudulently purchasing paintings at low prices invoking the names of Queen Sofía and González's spouse, Carmen Romero); and the ongoing judicial probe on the Filesa affair (the alleged illegal funding of PSOE campaigns). In June 1995, it was revealed that the Superior Centre of Defense Information (CESID)—the main Spanish intelligence agency at the time—had been recording and keeping the taped telephone conversations of dozens of prominent public figures for years, including politicians, businessmen, journalists and the King himself, apparently without the cabinet's knowledge. This illegal espionage scandal led to the resignations of the defence minister, Julián García Vargas (under whose authority the CESID was responsible to), and deputy prime minister Narcís Serra (Vargas's predecessor in the office).

The mounting scandals and the impact of the economic crisis prompted a harsh opposition campaign by the People's Party (PP)—which had its greatest expression in Aznar's coined phrase of "Go away, Mr. González" (Spanish: Váyase, señor González) in every parliamentary intervention—but also by the left-wing IU, which frequently coincided with the PP in opposition to weaken the PSOE government (particularly following the 1994 Andalusian election). Throughout 1995, both parties considered supporting a no-confidence motion on González, but talks failed due to it requiring CiU's support to succeed. While González responded by accusing both parties of staging a "pincer movement" on the PSOE, his government's accumulated erosion took its toll: González's party suffered its first-ever nationwide defeat to the PP in the 1994 European Parliament election, and the 1995 local and regional elections brought about the loss of many Socialist governments throughout Spain and a decline in Catalonia for PSOE's parliamentary partner, CiU, which withdrew its confidence and supply support. This was materialized in the 1996 General State Budget being voted down by the Congress of Deputies on 25 October 1995, prompting González to call a snap election for March 1996, fifteen months ahead of schedule.

Overview

Under the 1978 Constitution, the Spanish Cortes Generales were conceived as an imperfect bicameral system. The Congress of Deputies held greater legislative power than the Senate, having the ability to grant or withdraw confidence from a prime minister and to override Senate vetoes by an absolute majority. Nonetheless, the Senate retained a limited number of specific functions—such as ratifying international treaties, authorizing cooperation agreements between autonomous communities, enforcing direct rule, regulating interterritorial compensation funds, and taking part in constitutional amendments and in the appointment of members to the Constitutional Court and the General Council of the Judiciary—which were not subject to override by Congress.

Date

The term of each chamber of the Cortes Generales—the Congress and the Senate—expired four years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. The election decree was required to be issued no later than 25 days before the scheduled expiration date of parliament and published on the following day in the Official State Gazette (BOE), with election day taking place 54 days after the decree's publication. The previous election was held on 6 June 1993, which meant that the chambers' terms would have expired on 6 June 1997. The election decree was required to be published in the BOE no later than 13 May 1997, setting the latest possible date for election day on 6 July 1997.

The prime minister had the prerogative to propose the monarch to dissolve both chambers at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election, provided that no motion of no confidence was in process, no state of emergency was in force and that dissolution did not occur before one year after a previous one. Additionally, both chambers were to be dissolved and a new election called if an investiture process failed to elect a prime minister within a two-month period from the first ballot. Barring this exception, there was no constitutional requirement for simultaneous elections to the Congress and the Senate. Still, as of 2026, there has been no precedent of separate elections taking place under the 1978 Constitution.

González initially rejected calls from opposition parties for a snap election amid the mounting scandals, instead intending to serve out the legislative term until 1997. Catalan president and González's ally, Jordi Pujol, sought to balance CiU's preference for the incoming Catalan election being held separately, and his belief that the government could not survive the political crisis. Following the PSOE's crash in the May 1995 local and regional elections, Pujol opted to have the Catalan election in the autumn and the general election in early 1996. While González resisted, he ultimately acceded to November and March as the regional and general election dates. Two months later, CiU U-turned and announced that it would seek an earlier general election by rejecting the 1996 General State Budget; González's refusal to alter the agreed timetable forced the Catalan election for November as initially planned. The government's budget was voted down in Congress on 25 October, CiU suffered a setback in the Catalan election, and the parliament's dissolution—with the election date for 3 March, concurrently with a snap election in Andalusia—was announced on 28 December, ending the legislative term after only two-and-a-half years.

The Cortes Generales were officially dissolved on 9 January 1996 with the publication of the corresponding decree in the BOE, setting election day for 3 March and scheduling for both chambers to reconvene on 27 March.

Electoral system

Voting for each chamber of the Cortes Generales was based on universal suffrage, comprising all Spanish nationals over 18 years of age with full political rights, provided that they had not been deprived of the right to vote by a final sentence, nor were legally incapacitated.

The Congress of Deputies had a minimum of 300 and a maximum of 400 seats, with electoral provisions fixing its size at 350. Of these, 348 were elected in 50 multi-member constituencies corresponding to the provinces of Spain—each of which was assigned an initial minimum of two seats and the remaining 248 distributed in proportion to population—using the D'Hondt method and closed-list proportional voting, with a three percent-threshold of valid votes (including blank ballots) in each constituency. The remaining two seats were allocated to Ceuta and Melilla as single-member districts elected by plurality voting. The use of this electoral method resulted in a higher effective threshold depending on district magnitude and vote distribution.

As a result of the aforementioned allocation, each Congress multi-member constituency was entitled the following seats:

Seats Constituencies
34 Madrid
31 Barcelona(−1)
16 Valencia
13 Seville(+1)
11 Alicante(+1)
10 Málaga
9 Asturias, Biscay, Cádiz, La Coruña, Murcia
8 Pontevedra
7 Balearics, Córdoba, Granada, Las Palmas, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Zaragoza
6 Badajoz, Guipúzcoa, Jaén, Tarragona
5 Almería, Cáceres, Cantabria, Castellón, Ciudad Real, Girona, Huelva, León, Navarre, Toledo, Valladolid
4 Álava, Albacete, Burgos, La Rioja, Lleida, Lugo(−1), Orense, Salamanca
3 Ávila, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Huesca, Palencia, Segovia, Soria, Teruel, Zamora

208 Senate seats were elected using open-list partial block voting: voters in constituencies electing four seats could choose up to three candidates; in those with two or three seats, up to two; and in single-member districts, one. Each of the 47 peninsular provinces was allocated four seats, while in insular provinces—such as the Balearic and Canary Islands—the districts were the islands themselves, with the larger ones (Mallorca, Gran Canaria and Tenerife) being allocated three seats each, and the smaller ones (Menorca, Ibiza–Formentera, Fuerteventura, La Gomera, El Hierro, Lanzarote and La Palma) one each. Ceuta and Melilla elected two seats each. Additionally, autonomous communities could appoint at least one senator each and were entitled to one additional seat per million inhabitants.

The law did not provide for by-elections to fill vacant seats; instead, any vacancies arising after the proclamation of candidates and during the legislative term were filled by the next candidates on the party lists or, when required, by designated substitutes.

Outgoing parliament

The tables below show the composition of the parliamentary groups in both chambers at the time of dissolution.

Candidates

Nomination rules

Spanish citizens with the right to vote could run for election, provided that they had not been criminally imprisoned by a final sentence or convicted—whether final or not—of offences that involved loss of eligibility or disqualification from public office (such as rebellion or terrorism, when involving crimes against life, physical integrity or personal freedom). Additional causes of ineligibility applied to the following officials:

Other ineligibility provisions also applied to a number of territorial officials in these categories within their areas of jurisdiction, as well as to employees of foreign states and members of regional governments.

Incompatibility rules included those of ineligibility, and also barred running in multiple constituencies or lists, and combining legislative roles (deputy, senator, and regional lawmaker) with each other or with:

Parties and lists

The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, alliances and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form an alliance were required to inform the relevant electoral commission within 10 days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they sought election, disallowing electors from signing for more than one list.

Below is a list of the main parties and alliances which contested the election:

Candidacy Parties and
alliances		 Leading candidate Ideology Previous result Gov. Ref.
Congress Senate
Vote % Seats Vote % Seats
PSOE Felipe González Social democracy 38.8% 159
39.0%
 96 15
PP José María Aznar Conservatism
Christian democracy
35.4%
 142
35.2%
 93 15
IU Julio Anguita Socialism
Communism		 9.6% 18
9.5%
 0 15
CiU Joaquim Molins Catalan nationalism
Centrism		 4.9% 17 5.3% 10 15
EAJ/PNV
List
 Iñaki Anasagasti Basque nationalism
Christian democracy		 1.2% 5 1.3% 3 15
CC
List
 José Carlos Mauricio Regionalism
Canarian nationalism
Centrism		 0.9% 4 0.6% 5 15
HB
List
 — Basque independence
Abertzale left
Revolutionary socialism		 0.9% 2 0.9% 1 15
ERC Pilar Rahola Catalan independence
Left-wing nationalism
Social democracy		 0.8% 1
0.4%
 0 15
EA
List
 Begoña Lasagabaster Basque nationalism
Social democracy		 0.5% 1 0.6% 0 15
UV
List
 José María Chiquillo Blaverism
Conservatism		 0.5% 1 0.5% 0 15
BNG Francisco Rodríguez Galician nationalism
Left-wing nationalism		 0.5% 0 0.5% 0 15
EIFS Pilar Costa Progressivism Did not contest
0.0%
 0 15
PIL Cándido Armas Insularism
Canarian nationalism		 Did not contest 15

There was speculation on whether prime minister Felipe González would run as PSOE's candidate for a fifth term in office, which he initially confirmed "if his party asked him to", being re-elected as PSOE leader in the party's 1994 congress. However, the judicial probe into the GAL affair and political weariness made him reconsider, and by the second half of 1995 he was said to have taken the decision not to continue. The election of Foreign Affairs minister Javier Solana—widely seen as González's most likely successor—as NATO secretary-general in December 1995 thwarted González's plans to retire, with him confirming a new run following overwhelming support from his party.

The PSOE, United Left (IU), The Greens (LV), Nationalist and Ecologist Agreement (ENE) and Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) formed the Ibiza and Formentera in the Senate alliance for the Senate election.

Campaign

Party slogans

Party or alliance Original slogan English translation Ref.
PSOE « España en positivo » "Spain in positive"
PP « Con la nueva mayoría » "With the new majority"
IU « Decide » "Decide"
CiU « Fem que Catalunya sigui clau » "Let's make Catalonia key"
EAJ/PNV « LLevamos Euskadi. Euskadirekin » "We carry the Basque Country. With the Basque Country"

Opinion polls

Local regression trend line of poll results from 6 June 1993 to 3 March 1996, with each line corresponding to a political party.

Voter turnout

The table below shows registered voter turnout during the election. Figures for election day do not include non-resident citizens, while final figures do.

Region Time (Election day) Final
14:00 18:00 20:00
1993 1996 +/– 1993 1996 +/– 1993 1996 +/– 1993 1996 +/–
Andalusia 42.12% 41.48% −0.64 61.65% 65.17% +3.52 76.52% 78.48% +1.96 76.20% 78.00% +1.80
Aragon 44.95% 42.09% −2.86 62.83% 62.80% −0.03 78.48% 77.90% −0.58 78.16% 77.46% −0.70
Asturias 41.68% 38.05% −3.63 62.00% 62.12% +0.12 76.16% 77.06% +0.90 75.43% 75.91% +0.48
Balearic Islands 41.46% 39.45% −2.01 56.61% 59.38% +2.77 72.78% 71.91% −0.87 72.56% 71.63% −0.93
Basque Country 37.92% 37.20% −0.72 54.60% 56.42% +1.82 69.99% 71.91% +1.92 69.73% 71.53% +1.80
Canary Islands 31.24% 29.56% −1.68 51.59% 50.42% −1.17 69.34% 69.79% +0.45 68.92% 69.14% +0.22
Cantabria 38.60% 39.30% +0.70 62.49% 64.88% +2.39 79.61% 80.12% +0.51 78.98% 79.31% +0.33
Castile and León 43.39% 40.91% −2.48 64.42% 65.19% +0.77 78.92% 79.94% +1.02 78.27% 79.01% +0.74
Castilla–La Mancha 45.59% 43.72% −1.87 67.35% 69.54% +2.19 82.37% 83.43% +1.06 82.13% 83.09% +0.96
Catalonia 41.68% 39.93% −1.75 59.16% 61.05% +1.89 75.69% 76.98% +1.29 75.37% 76.52% +1.15
Extremadura 47.49% 46.53% −0.96 66.14% 69.61% +3.47 80.89% 82.96% +2.07 80.46% 82.33% +1.87
Galicia 34.74% 33.09% −1.65 55.62% 60.03% +4.41 71.30% 73.84% +2.54 69.64% 71.40% +1.76
La Rioja 47.45% 44.34% −3.11 65.23% 65.91% +0.68 80.37% 81.53% +1.16 80.00% 80.92% +0.92
Madrid 40.67% 39.12% −1.55 64.20% 65.01% +0.81 78.99% 80.18% +1.19 78.92% 79.59% +0.67
Murcia 47.65% 45.01% −2.64 66.19% 70.04% +3.85 81.96% 82.52% +0.56 81.56% 82.00% +0.44
Navarre 40.00% 35.51% −4.49 57.08% 57.37% +0.29 74.05% 74.07% +0.02 73.58% 73.45% −0.13
Valencian Community 48.43% 45.75% −2.68 68.11% 68.81% +0.70 82.10% 82.13% +0.03 81.71% 81.66% −0.05
Ceuta 35.49% 33.51% −1.98 50.07% 50.74% +0.67 62.55% 64.29% +1.74 62.13% 63.81% +1.68
Melilla 35.06% 32.21% −2.85 51.37% 49.73% −1.64 66.87% 62.84% −4.03 66.14% 61.95% −4.19
Total 41.83% 40.10% −1.73 61.57% 63.45% +1.88 76.94% 78.08% +1.14 76.44% 77.38% +0.94
Sources

Results

Congress of Deputies

← Summary of the 3 March 1996 Congress of Deputies election results →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP)1 9,716,00638.79+3.42 156+14
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 9,425,67837.63−1.15 141−18
United Left (IU) 2,639,77410.54+0.99 21+3
Convergence and Union (CiU) 1,151,6334.60−0.34 16−1
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 318,9511.27+0.03 5±0
Canarian Coalition (CC) 220,4180.88±0.00 4±0
Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) 220,1470.88+0.34 2+2
Popular Unity (HB) 181,3040.72−0.16 2±0
Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) 167,6410.67−0.13 1±0
Andalusian Party (PA)2 134,8000.54−0.05 0±0
Basque Solidarity (EA) 115,8610.46−0.09 1±0
Valencian Union (UV) 91,5750.37−0.11 1±0
The European Greens (LVE) 61,6890.25−0.54 0±0
Aragonese Union (CHA) 49,7390.20+0.17 0±0
Centrist Union (UC) 44,7710.18−1.58 0±0
Valencian People's Union–Nationalist Bloc (UPV–BN) 26,7770.11−0.06 0±0
Nationalists of the Balearic Islands (PSM–ENE) 24,6440.10+0.01 0±0
The Greens–Green Group (LV–GV) 17,1770.07New 0±0
Convergence of Democrats of Navarre (CDN) 17,0200.07New 0±0
Workers' Revolutionary Party (PRT)3 14,8540.06−0.07 0±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 14,5130.06+0.02 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 13,4820.05+0.01 0±0
Asturianist Party (PAS) 12,2130.05±0.00 0±0
Authentic Spanish Phalanx (FEA) 12,1140.05+0.05 0±0
Leonese People's Union (UPL) 12,0490.05−0.01 0±0
Basque Citizen Initiative (ICV–Gorordo) 11,8330.05New 0±0
The Greens of Madrid (LVM) 8,4830.03New 0±0
Extremaduran Coalition (CEx)4 7,3120.03−0.03 0±0
Majorcan Union (UM) 6,9430.03−0.01 0±0
Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC) 6,2060.02±0.00 0±0
Riojan Party (PR) 6,0650.02−0.01 0±0
Ecologist Party of Catalonia (PEC) 4,3050.02−0.02 0±0
Regionalist Unity of Castile and León (URCL) 4,0610.02+0.01 0±0
Andalusian Nation (NA) 3,5050.01New 0±0
Alliance for National Unity (AUN) 3,3970.01New 0±0
Salamanca–Zamora–León–PREPAL (PREPAL) 2,7620.01±0.00 0±0
SOS Nature (SOS) 2,7530.01New 0±0
Republican Coalition (CR)5 2,7440.01−0.02 0±0
Popular Front of the Canary Islands (FREPIC) 2,5670.01New 0±0
Socialist Party of the People of Ceuta (PSPC) 2,3650.01+0.01 0±0
Regionalist Party of Castilla-La Mancha (PRCM) 2,2790.01New 0±0
Galician People's Front (FPG) 2,0650.01New 0±0
Independent Socialists of Extremadura (SIEx) 1,6780.01New 0±0
Madrilenian Independent Regional Party (PRIM) 1,6710.01±0.00 0±0
Red–Green Party (PRV) 1,6560.01New 0±0
Independent Spanish Phalanx (FEI) 1,5500.01±0.00 0±0
New Region (NR) 1,4520.01New 0±0
Republican Action (AR) 1,2370.00−0.01 0±0
Citizen Independent Platform of Catalonia (PICC) 1,2290.00New 0±0
Valencian Nationalist Left (ENV) 1,0230.00−0.01 0±0
Party of El Bierzo (PB) 1,0000.00−0.01 0±0
Nationalist Canarian Party (PCN) 7220.00New 0±0
Alicantine Provincial Union (UPRA) 6510.00±0.00 0±0
Democratic Andalusian Unity (UAD) 6270.00New 0±0
Citizen Democratic Action (ADEC) 5980.00New 0±0
Voice of the Andalusian People (VDPA) 5290.00New 0±0
European Nation State (N) 4950.00New 0±0
Social and Autonomist Liberal Group (ALAS) 4020.00New 0±0
Balearic Alliance (ABA) 3790.00New 0±0
Regionalist Party of Guadalajara (PRGU) 3380.00±0.00 0±0
Spanish Autonomous League (LAE) 2960.00New 0±0
Aragonese Social Dynamic (DSA) 2650.00New 0±0
Party of The People (LG) 2430.00±0.00 0±0
Inter-Zamoran Party (PIZ) 2150.00New 0±0
Nationalist Party of Melilla (PNM) 2000.00New 0±0
Centrists of the Valencian Community (CCV) 00.00New 0±0
Revolutionary Workers' Party (POR) 00.00−0.03 0±0
Party of Self-employed of Spain (PAE) 00.00New 0±0
Tenerife Independent Familiar Groups (AFIT) 00.00New 0±0
Blank ballots 243,3450.97+0.17
Total 25,046,276 350±0
Valid votes 25,046,27699.50+0.04
Invalid votes 125,7820.50−0.04
Votes cast / turnout 25,172,05877.38+0.94
Abstentions 7,359,77522.62−0.94
Registered voters 32,531,833
Sources
Footnotes:
Popular vote
PP
 
 38.79%
PSOE
 
 37.63%
IU
 
 10.54%
CiU
 
 4.60%
EAJ/PNV
 
 1.27%
CC
 
 0.88%
BNG
 
 0.88%
HB
 
 0.72%
ERC
 
 0.67%
EA
 
 0.46%
UV
 
 0.37%
Others
 
 2.21%
Blank ballots
 
 0.97%
Seats
PP
 
 44.57%
PSOE
 
 40.29%
IU
 
 6.00%
CiU
 
 4.57%
EAJ/PNV
 
 1.43%
CC
 
 1.14%
BNG
 
 0.57%
HB
 
 0.57%
ERC
 
 0.29%
EA
 
 0.29%
UV
 
 0.29%

Senate

← Summary of the 3 March 1996 Senate of Spain election results →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP)1 26,788,28239.04+3.87 112+19
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 25,865,20637.70−1.32 81−15
United Left (IU) 6,851,0239.99+0.52 0±0
Convergence and Union (CiU) 3,338,7374.87−0.43 8−2
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 918,6921.34+0.04 4+1
Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) 670,3460.98+0.36 0±0
Popular Unity (HB) 516,0070.75−0.17 0−1
Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) 493,4800.72+0.35 0±0
Andalusian Party (PA)2 415,6760.61−0.07 0±0
Canarian Coalition (CC) 388,3660.57−0.04 1−4
Basque Solidarity (EA) 337,9110.49−0.09 0±0
Valencian Union (UV) 280,3830.41−0.12 0±0
Aragonese Union (CHA) 136,1570.20+0.16 0±0
Centrist Union (UC) 129,4320.19−1.63 0±0
The European Greens (LVE) 127,5760.19−0.69 0±0
Valencian People's Union–Nationalist Bloc (UPV–BN) 93,3370.14−0.07 0±0
The Greens–Green Group (LV–GV) 67,4390.10New 0±0
Convergence of Democrats of Navarre (CDN) 54,0160.08New 0±0
Nationalists of the Balearic Islands (PSM–ENE) 50,9280.07+0.01 0±0
Leonese People's Union (UPL) 48,2140.07−0.02 0±0
Asturianist Party (PAS) 41,1270.06−0.01 0±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 34,4950.05±0.00 0±0
Alliance for National Unity (AUN) 32,4510.05New 0±0
Basque Citizen Initiative (ICV–Gorordo) 31,6320.05New 0±0
Extremaduran Coalition (CEx)3 30,2130.04−0.05 0±0
Authentic Spanish Phalanx (FEA) 27,9990.04+0.03 0±0
Ecologist Party of Catalonia (PEC) 24,6620.04−0.04 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 24,1490.04+0.02 0±0
Ibiza and Formentera in the Senate (EIFS) 21,3650.03New 1+1
Riojan Party (PR) 20,1720.03−0.01 0±0
Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC) 20,1190.03±0.00 0±0
Majorcan Union (UM) 18,9440.03−0.01 0±0
Salamanca–Zamora–León–PREPAL (PREPAL) 17,0240.02±0.00 0±0
Republican Coalition (CR)4 15,9580.02±0.00 0±0
Independent Spanish Phalanx (FEI) 14,9630.02±0.00 0±0
Workers' Revolutionary Party (PRT)5 14,6180.02−0.05 0±0
Regionalist Unity of Castile and León (URCL) 14,3620.02±0.00 0±0
Lanzarote Independents Party (PIL) 13,1610.02New 1+1
The Greens of Madrid (LVM) 13,0800.02New 0±0
Andalusian Nation (NA) 12,8030.02New 0±0
Nationalist Party of Castile and León (PANCAL) 10,2680.01+0.01 0±0
Party of El Bierzo (PB) 8,6410.01±0.00 0±0
Independent Socialists of Extremadura (SIEx) 8,0180.01New 0±0
Madrilenian Independent Regional Party (PRIM) 6,4090.01−0.01 0±0
Republican Action (AR) 6,3980.01−0.01 0±0
Red–Green Party (PRV) 6,2320.01New 0±0
SOS Nature (SOS) 6,1490.01New 0±0
Regionalist Party of Castilla-La Mancha (PRCM) 6,1060.01New 0±0
Democratic Party of the People (PDEP) 6,0610.01New 0±0
Popular Front of the Canary Islands (FREPIC) 4,7640.01New 0±0
Socialist Party of the People of Ceuta (PSPC) 4,1070.01+0.01 0±0
Natural Culture (CN) 3,9860.01+0.01 0±0
Galician People's Front (FPG) 3,7270.01New 0±0
Citizen Independent Platform of Catalonia (PICC) 3,4080.00New 0±0
Independent Candidacy of Valladolid (CIV) 3,2700.00New 0±0
Join Action (AY) 2,5730.00New 0±0
Alicantine Provincial Union (UPRA) 2,5360.00New 0±0
Voice of the Andalusian People (VDPA) 2,3520.00New 0±0
Aragonese Unity (UA) 2,3050.00New 0±0
Valencian Nationalist Left (ENV) 2,0800.00−0.01 0±0
National Workers' Party (PNT) 1,7880.00New 0±0
New Region (NR) 1,7540.00New 0±0
Revolutionary Workers' Party (POR) 1,4380.00−0.02 0±0
Regionalist Party of Guadalajara (PRGU) 1,3050.00±0.00 0±0
Citizen Democratic Action (ADEC) 1,1870.00New 0±0
Social and Autonomist Liberal Group (ALAS) 1,0990.00New 0±0
Nationalist Canarian Party (PCN) 9340.00New 0±0
Inter-Zamoran Party (PIZ) 9120.00New 0±0
Iberian Unity (UI) 8830.00New 0±0
European Nation State (N) 8160.00New 0±0
Democratic Andalusian Unity (UAD) 7830.00New 0±0
Spanish Autonomous League (LAE) 6100.00New 0±0
Nationalist Party of Melilla (PNM) 5950.00New 0±0
Aragonese Social Dynamic (DSA) 5810.00New 0±0
Independents of Menorca (INME) 5580.00New 0±0
Proverist Party (PPr) 3730.00±0.00 0±0
Spanish Action (AE) 2560.00±0.00 0±0
Clean Hands Project (PML) 2310.00New 0±0
Party of The People (LG) 1250.00New 0±0
Tenerife Independent Familiar Groups (AFIT) 00.00New 0±0
Centrists of the Valencian Community (CCV) 00.00New 0±0
Blank ballots 482,6011.97+0.34
Total 68,612,724 208±0
Valid votes 24,502,85497.41−0.29
Invalid votes 652,6562.59+0.29
Votes cast / turnout 25,155,51077.33+0.84
Abstentions 7,376,32322.67−0.84
Registered voters 32,531,833
Sources
Footnotes:
Popular vote
PP
 
 39.04%
PSOE
 
 37.70%
IU
 
 9.99%
CiU
 
 4.87%
EAJ/PNV
 
 1.34%
CC
 
 0.57%
EIFS
 
 0.03%
PIL
 
 0.02%
Others
 
 5.75%
Blank ballots
 
 1.97%
Seats
PP
 
 53.85%
PSOE
 
 38.94%
CiU
 
 3.85%
EAJ/PNV
 
 1.92%
CC
 
 0.48%
EIFS
 
 0.48%
PIL
 
 0.48%

Maps

Aftermath

Government formation

Investiture
Congress of Deputies
Nomination of José María Aznar (PP)
Ballot → 4 May 1996
Required majority → 176 out of 350 check
Yes
  • • PP (156)
  • • CiU (16)
  • • PNV (5)
  • • CC (4)
181 / 350
No
166 / 350
Abstentions
  • • UV (1)
1 / 350
Absentees
  • • HB (2)
2 / 350
Sources

Notes

  1. 1 2 Results for PP (34.8%, 141 deputies) and PAR (0.6%, 1 deputy) in the 1993 Congress election.
  2. ↑ Parties could group candidates into lists, although each candidate was treated separately for the purpose of the voting procedure.
  3. ↑ These comprised the Constitutional Court, the General Council of the Judiciary, the Supreme Court, the Council of State, the Court of Auditors and the Economic and Social Council.
  4. 1 2 3 Results in the 1993 Senate election, not including Ibiza–Formentera.
  5. ↑ Results for PP (34.5%, 93 senators) and PAR (0.7%, 0 senators) in the 1993 Senate election.
  6. ↑ Only in Andalusia, Extremadura and Murcia.
  7. 1 2 3 In Ibiza–Formentera.
  8. ↑ Results for PSOE (0.0%, 0 senators), IU (0.0%, 0 senators), EVIB (0.0%, 0 senators), PSM–ENE (0.0%, 0 senators) and ERC (0.0%, 0 senators) in the 1993 Senate election in Ibiza–Formentera.
  9. ↑ The percentage of blank ballots is calculated over the official number of valid votes cast, irrespective of the total number of votes shown as a result of adding up the individual results for each party.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Valdecantos, Camilo (9 January 1996). "Punto final a dos años y medio de legislatura". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 5 August 2026.
  2. ↑ "Ocho adelantos electorales y una repetición en 40 años". Heraldo de Aragón (in Spanish). EFE. 15 February 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2026.
  3. ↑ Díez, Anabel (13 October 1995). "Aznar persigue una mayoría suficiente para formar un Gobierno con "manos libres"". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 5 August 2026.
  4. ↑ Serrano, Rodolfo (16 June 1995). "Anguita afirma que hay que combatir "directamente y desde ya" al PP". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 5 August 2026.
  5. ↑ "CiU garantizará la investidura de González sin contrapartidas". El País (in Spanish). 3 July 1993. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  6. ↑ Rodríguez Aizpeolea, Luis (5 July 1993). "El PNV decide apoyar la investidura de González y continúa negociando su entrada en el Gobierno". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  7. ↑ Rodríguez Aizpeolea, Luis; Díez, Anabel (25 June 1993). "Pujol rechaza formar Gobierno con González". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  8. ↑ Gorospe, Pedro (25 November 1993). "El PNV rechaza entrar en el Gobierno". El País (in Spanish). Vitoria. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  9. ↑ Pastor, Carles (9 June 1993). "IU emplaza a González a dar el primer paso para un pacto parlamentario". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  10. ↑ Rivas, Javier (19 June 1993). "Julio Anguita pide al PSOE un programa común de izquierdas". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  11. ↑ Rivas, Javier; Valdecantos, Camilo (30 June 1993). "González impuso la ruptura del acuerdo con IU". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  12. ↑ Arancibia, Salvador (25 November 1993). "El déficit público hasta octubre, 2,7 billones de pesetas, duplica al del año anterior". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  13. ↑ Parra, Carmen (19 February 1994). "422.450 empleos se destruyeron en el año 1993". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  14. ↑ "España sufrió en 1993 la peor recesión económica registrada en los últimos 30 años". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. 5 July 1993. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  15. ↑ Parra, Carmen (28 January 1994). "Gutiérrez y Redondo esperan que no se ignore la masiva protesta". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  16. ↑ "Así fueron las principales reformas laborales y acuerdos sociales de la democracia". 20 minutos (in Spanish). 10 February 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  17. ↑ Cañada, Manuel (1 May 1994). "Olvidos que hablan: la huelga general del 94 y las Marchas de la Dignidad". El Salto (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  18. ↑ Arancibia, Salvador (4 February 1995). "El impulso de la inversión eleva al 2% el crecimiento de la economía española en 1994". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  19. ↑ Parra, Carmen (18 February 1995). "La creación de 46.570 empleos en 1994 rompe la senda de destrucción iniciada hace tres años". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  20. ↑ Irazusta, María; Sierra, Antonio (2 June 1996). "Las Recetas del Pacto de Toledo". El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  21. ↑ Barea, José (14 February 2009). "Déficit en las pensiones". Cinco Días (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  22. ↑ Belloch, Juan Alberto (9 November 1995). "Código Penal del Parlamento". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 August 2026.
  23. ↑ Tapia, Isidoro (3 April 2018). "La sombra de la legislatura de 1993-96". El Confidencial (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 August 2026.
  24. ↑ Hart, Robert; Hayley, Julia (21 June 1993). "Rush-hour car bombs kill seven in Madrid". The Independent. Madrid. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  25. ↑ Intxausti, Aurora (24 January 1995). "ETA asesina de un tiro en la nuca a Gregorio Ordóñez". El País (in Spanish). San Sebastián. Retrieved 19 March 2025.
  26. ↑ "Spain Opposition Leader Survives Assassination Bid". Los Angeles Times. Madrid. Associated Press. 20 April 1995. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  27. ↑ Manresa, Andreu (30 June 1996). "La Casa del Rey extrema la seguridad a un año del abortado atentado de ETA" (in Spanish). Palma de Mallorca: University of Delaware. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  28. ↑ Lázaro, Fernando (29 May 2006). "La matanza de Vallecas: 10 años sin olvido". El Mundo (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  29. ↑ "La Guardia Civil libera a Ortega Lara, el secuestrado que más tiempo retuvo ETA". El País (in Spanish). San Sebastián: University of Delaware. 1 July 1997. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  30. ↑ "González toma el control del partido con ayuda de los renovadores, pero el guerrismo se resiste". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Madrid. 21 March 1994. Retrieved 12 April 2025.
  31. ↑ "Garzón dimite al sentirse desoído por Felipe González". El País (in Spanish). 7 May 1994. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  32. ↑ Duva, Jesús (10 May 1994). "Garzón: "González me ha utilizado como un muñeco"". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  33. ↑ González, Juan Carlos (15 March 1995). "Solana presenta las bases de la presidencia española de la UE en Estrasburgo". El País (in Spanish). Strasbourg. Retrieved 3 August 2026.
  34. ↑ Cembrero, Ignacio (2 December 1995). "España cambia su imagen en la UE al lograr estrechar la relación con Estados Unidos". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 3 August 2026.
  35. ↑ González, Miguel (28 May 1995). "El Ejército del Aire considerá "un éxito" la intervención de sus F-18 en los ataques". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  36. ↑ Vidal-Folch, Xavier (2 December 1995). "Solana se alza con la secretaría general de la OTAN". El País (in Spanish). Brussels. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  37. ↑ Vidal-Folch, Xavier (20 December 1995). "Javier Solana anuncia al asumir la secretaría de la OTAN que irá pronto a Bosnia". El País (in Spanish). Brussels. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  38. ↑ James, Barry (29 November 1994). "In Spain, It's Been an Exceptional Year of Sorts for Embezzlers". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 "Cronología del escándalo más sonado de la democracia". El Mundo (in Spanish). 27 February 1998. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  40. ↑ "¿Qué son los fondos reservados?". El Mundo (in Spanish). 1 September 2001. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  41. ↑ Saiz, Rodrigo (7 September 2023). "25 años de la condena al socialista Urralburu, el primer presidente autonómico encarcelado por el cobro de comisiones". elDiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  42. ↑ Davison, Phil (2 May 1994). "Spain in crisis after former Civil Guard chief flees". The Independent. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  43. ↑ Duva, Jesús; Valdecantos, Camilo (5 May 1994). "Asunción se va sin explicar al Parlamento la fuga de Roldán". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  44. ↑ "El escándalo por corrupción más sonado de la democracia". El Mundo (in Spanish). 27 February 1998. Archived from the original on 21 June 2001. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  45. ↑ Irujo, José María (13 July 2013). "Chantajistas, pero condenados". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  46. ↑ Noceda, Miguel Ángel; Ayuso, Javier (16 February 1992). "El Banco de España prestó más de 2.000 millones a Ibercorp para mantener su liquidez". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 18 March 2025.
  47. 1 2 Justicia, Francisco (18 October 2007). "La corrupción del poder económico y sus amigos". El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  48. ↑ "Solchaga dimite para que el Gobierno tenga un mayor margen de maniobra en la actual situación de crispación política" (in Spanish). Madrid: Servimedia. 5 May 1994. Retrieved 21 March 2025.
  49. ↑ Arancibia, Salvador (16 June 1994). "Rubio mintió al Parlamento en 1992 y Solchaga fue informado sobre Ibercorp". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 21 March 2025.
  50. ↑ Rivera, Jorge (5 May 1994). "Albero se va para "dañar lo menos posible al Gobierno"". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  51. 1 2 "Cronología del 'caso Marey', la historia de un secuestro". El Mundo (in Spanish). 1 June 2001. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  52. ↑ Yoldi, José (21 July 1995). "Damborenea acusa a González de autorizar los GAL". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  53. ↑ Yoldi, José (29 July 1995). "Garzón imputa a González un delito de fundación de la banda armada GAL y otro de malversación". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  54. ↑ "Cronología del caso Lasa-Zabala". El País (in Spanish). 2 November 2010. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  55. ↑ Martínez Lázaro, Julio; Duva, Jesús (30 July 1998). "El Tribunal Supremo condena a los 12 encausados por el secuestro de Segundo Marey". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  56. ↑ De la Cuadra, Bonifacio; Martínez Lázaro, Julio (17 March 2001). "El Constitucional confirma las penas a Barrionuevo y Vera". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  57. ↑ "GAL. El Supremo rechaza citar a González por mayoría de seis de los diez miembros de la Sala Segunda" (in Spanish). Madrid: Servimedia. 5 November 1996. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  58. ↑ Martínez Lázaro, Julio (16 November 1996). "El Supremo exculpa a González en el 'caso GAL' porque no encuentra motivos para el suplicatorio". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  59. ↑ "Caso Banesto". El Mundo (in Spanish). July 2002. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  60. ↑ Riding, Alan (29 December 1993). "Ambitious Bank in Spain Stumbles and Is Taken Over". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  61. ↑ "CRONOLOGÍA: Los casos 'Banesto' y 'Argentia Trust'". Cinco Días (in Spanish). Madrid. 29 July 2002. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  62. ↑ R., L. (1 May 2006). "El principio del fin de Mario Conde". Expansión (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  63. ↑ Duva, Jesús; De la Cuadra, Bonifacio (30 November 1993). "Detenida por orden judicial la ex directora del BOE por delitos vinculados a la compra de papel prensa". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  64. ↑ De la Cuadra, Bonifacio (5 December 1993). "La inocencia de comprar dos objetos de plata en Navidad". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  65. ↑ De la Cuadra, Bonifacio (6 February 1996). "Salanueva y otras 9 personas se sentarán en el banquillo por el fraude del BOE". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  66. ↑ "La Audiencia Nacional absuelve a los acusados por el 'caso BOE'". El Mundo (in Spanish). Madrid. EFE. 21 September 2001. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  67. ↑ Hernández, José Antonio (16 June 1994). "La policía investiga a Salanueva por presunta apropiación de cuadros". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  68. ↑ "Salanueva, condenada a cuatro años por comprar cuadros a bajo precio en nombre de la Reina". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. 8 December 1995. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  69. ↑ "Muere de un cáncer Carmen Salanueva, ex directora general del BOE". El Mundo (in Spanish). Madrid. Europa Press. 18 January 2000. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  70. ↑ Martínez Lázaro, Julio (23 March 1994). "El fiscal pide que se desglosen del 'caso Filesa' las investigaciones sobre Siemens y Viajes Ceres". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  71. ↑ "El 'caso Filesa' lleva al banquillo a siete de los 39 acusados". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. 23 December 1995. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  72. ↑ Yanel, Agustín (18 October 2007). "La trama ilegal que usó el PSOE para financiarse". El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  73. ↑ Nash, Elizabeth (22 June 1995). "Bugging scandal threatens Gonzalez". The Independent. Madrid. Retrieved 27 July 2026.
  74. ↑ Galiacho, Juan Luis (18 October 2007). "Los espías del gobierno grababan hasta al rey". El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  75. ↑ Galiacho, Juan Luis (10 May 2017). "Así reveló EL MUNDO que el Cesid espiaba a políticos, empresarios e incluso al Rey Juan Carlos". El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  76. ↑ "Serra presentó su dimisión el martes". El País (in Spanish). 18 June 1995. Retrieved 27 July 2026.
  77. ↑ Rodríguez Aizpeolea, Luis; Díez, Anabel (29 June 1995). "Unos relevos de larga digestión". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 27 July 2026.
  78. ↑ "16 días en el disparadero". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. 29 June 1995. Retrieved 27 July 2026.
  79. ↑ Ruiz de Azúa, Victorino (20 April 1994). "Aznar sólo deja una opción a González: "iVáyase!"". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  80. ↑ Méndez, Lucía (18 October 2007). "Así se convirtió la oposición en alternativa de Gobierno". El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  81. ↑ Lucio, Lourdes (29 June 1994). "IU llega a un principio de acuerdo con el PP para presidir el Parlamento andaluz". El País (in Spanish). Seville. Retrieved 3 August 2026.
  82. ↑ Díez, Anabel (10 July 1994). "Anguita proclama su disposición a pactar con el Partido Popular tantas veces como sea necesario". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  83. ↑ Caballero, Marisa (18 January 2015). "Aznar, a Anguita en 1995: "Nada impide coincidir en lo inviable de la actual situación"". ABC (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  84. ↑ Rodríguez Aizpeolea, Luis (13 January 1995). "Aznar se ofrece a presentar la moción de censura si el Parlamento le garantiza la investidura". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  85. ↑ Comas, José (19 January 1995). "El líder popular invita por carta a Anguita a que respalde una moción de censura". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  86. ↑ "Anguita condiciona su apoyo a una moción de censura de Aznar a que este obtenga el respaldo previo de CiU y PNV" (in Spanish). Madrid: Servimedia. 23 January 1995. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  87. ↑ "Aznar ataca a CiU por el apoyo dado al Gobierno y al PNV por identificar al PP con la "derecha agresiva"" (in Spanish). Barcelona: Servimedia. 18 September 1995. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  88. ↑ Rodríguez Aizpeolea, Luis (12 July 1994). "González acusa a Anguita de incoherencia por recurrir al PP para hacer "una pinza" al PSOE". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  89. ↑ L. C., L. (24 March 2015). "La "pinza" acabó en veinte meses con el único gobierno en minoría de Andalucía". ABC (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  90. ↑ Yárnoz, Carlos (13 June 1994). "Aznar gana con claridad a González". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  91. ↑ Pastor, Carles (18 July 1995). "CiU recupera la "libertad de acción" y pide elecciones al acabar la presidencia europea". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  92. ↑ "El Congreso devuelve los presupuestos al Gobierno por segunda vez en la historia" (in Spanish). RTVE. 13 February 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  93. ↑ Mira, Nieves (29 January 2016). "Cuando González y Aznar tuvieron que pactar sus investiduras". ABC (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  94. 1 2 Mauri, Luis (13 September 1995). "CiU rechaza los Presupuestos para forzar elecciones". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  95. 1 2 Díez, Anabel (26 October 1995). "La oposición devuelve los Presupuestos y exige elecciones". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  96. ↑ Díez, Anabel; Rodríguez Aizpeolea, Luis (21 September 1995). "Las elecciones generales serán en marzo". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  97. 1 2 Díez, Anabel (29 December 1995). "González confirma las elecciones para el 3 de marzo y se ofrece a gobernar en coalición". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  98. ↑ Constitution (1978), art. 66.
  99. ↑ "Constitución española. Título III. De las Cortes Generales. Sinopsis artículo 66" (in Spanish). Congress of Deputies. Retrieved 11 October 2025, summarizing Constitution (1978), art. 66.
  100. ↑ Constitution (1978), arts. 90 & 99.
  101. ↑ Constitution (1978), arts. 74, 94, 122, 145, 155, 158–159 & 166–167.
  102. ↑ Constitution (1978), arts. 68–69.
  103. ↑ LOREG (1985), arts. 42 & 167.
  104. ↑ Constitution (1978), arts. 115–116.
  105. ↑ Constitution (1978), art. 99.
  106. ↑ "Constitución española. Título V. De las relaciones entre el Gobierno y las Cortes Generales. Sinopsis artículo 115" (in Spanish). Congress of Deputies. Retrieved 31 October 2025, summarizing Constitution (1978), art. 115.
  107. ↑ González Ibáñez, Juan (20 June 1994). "El PP exigirá el anticipo de las elecciones si el Gobierno le margina". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  108. ↑ Casqueiro, Javier (9 February 1995). "Aznar propone un pacto para celebrar en mayo las elecciones legislativas, autonómicas y municipales". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  109. ↑ Pastor, Carles (21 July 1995). "Aznar exige elecciones inmediatas para superar una crisis "insostenible"". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  110. ↑ Moreno, Marife (13 November 1994). "Serra descarta un posible adelanto de elecciones generales". El País (in Spanish). León. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  111. ↑ ""Soy partidario de cumplir los mandatos"". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. 9 February 1995. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  112. ↑ "González anuncia que convocará elecciones en el año 97 para "volver a ganar"" (in Spanish). Barcelona: Servimedia. 25 May 1995. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  113. ↑ Pastor, Carles (3 February 1995). "Pujol admite que prevé un adelanto electoral". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  114. ↑ "La fecha electoral". El País (in Spanish). 14 March 1995. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  115. ↑ Company, Enric (11 June 1995). "La carta del anticipo electoral". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  116. ↑ Parra, Carmen (22 June 1995). "Pujol y Durán optan por que autonómicas y legislativas se celebren antes de abril". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  117. ↑ Company, Enric; Pastor, Carles (26 June 1995). "Perspectivas de adelanto para las elecciones catalanas". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  118. ↑ Pastor, Carles (30 June 1995). "Pujol espera que González anuncie el martes en el Congreso que en marzo habrá elecciones anticipadas". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  119. ↑ Badia, Enric (9 July 1995). "Pujol exige a González que disuelva las Cortes el 31 de diciembre". El País (in Spanish). Sant Feliu Sasserra. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  120. ↑ Cembrero, Ignacio; Díez, Anabel (4 July 1995). "González hace oídos sordos a Pujol y se niega a poner fecha a las elecciones generales". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  121. ↑ Rodríguez Aizpeolea, Luis (7 July 1995). "González abre la puerta a unas elecciones en 1996". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  122. ↑ Rodríguez Aizpeolea, Luis (10 July 1995). "Los socialistas califican de "intromisión inaceptable" que Pujol fije las elecciones". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  123. ↑ Mauri, Luis (7 July 1995). "CiU romperá con el PSOE el 17-J y exigirá elecciones a primeros de año". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 30 November 2025.
  124. ↑ Pastor, Carles; Díez, Anabel (14 July 1995). "González y Pujol preparan elecciones para marzo". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  125. ↑ Rodríguez Aizpeolea, Luis; Pastor, Carles (10 September 1995). "Pujol hace firme la ruptura con González, pero se reserva su posición ante los presupuestos". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  126. ↑ Pastor, Carles (8 September 1995). "Pujol planteará mañana a González un cambio de calendario electoral". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  127. ↑ Díez, Anabel; Rodríguez Aizpeolea, Luis (9 September 1995). "González rechazará la sugerencia de Pujol de celebrar las elecciones antes de marzo". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  128. ↑ Pastor, Carles (12 September 1995). "Pujol convocará para noviembre si González persiste en sus tesis". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  129. ↑ "Pujol convoca elecciones catalanas para el 19 de noviembre y critica la falta de "credibilidad" del Gobierno González" (in Spanish). Barcelona: Servimedia. 25 September 1995. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  130. ↑ Serrano, Sebastián (20 November 1995). "Pujol tendrá que gobernar con apoyos". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  131. ↑ Díez, Anabel (27 December 1995). "González comunicará mañana al Consejo de Ministros que las elecciones serán el 3 de marzo". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 5 August 2026.
  132. ↑ Royal Decree 1/1996 (1996), arts. 1–2 & 5.
  133. ↑ LOREG (1985), arts. 2–3.
  134. ↑ Carreras de Odriozola & Tafunell Sambola 2005, p. 1077.
  135. ↑ Constitution (1978), art. 68; LOREG (1985), arts. 162–164.
  136. ↑ Gallagher, Michael (30 July 2012). "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Dublin: Trinity College Dublin. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  137. ↑ Royal Decree 1/1996 (1996), art. 3.
  138. ↑ Constitution (1978), art. 69; LOREG (1985), arts. 162 & 165–166.
  139. ↑ Carreras de Odriozola & Tafunell Sambola 2005, p. 1083.
  140. ↑ LOREG (1985), arts. 46, 48, 164, 166 & 170–171.
  141. ↑ Lozano, Carles. "Grupos Parlamentarios en el Congreso de los Diputados y el Senado". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 August 2025.
  142. 1 2 Lozano, Carles. "Composición del Senado 1977-2026". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 August 2025.
  143. ↑ "Grupos parlamentarios" (in Spanish). Congress of Deputies. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  144. ↑ "Grupos Parlamentarios desde 1977" (in Spanish). Senate of Spain. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  145. 1 2 Constitution (1978), art. 70; LOREG (1985), arts. 6 & 154.
  146. ↑ Constitution (1978), art. 67; LOREG (1985), arts. 46 & 155–159.
  147. ↑ LOREG (1985), arts. 44 & 169.
  148. 1 2 Díez, Anabel; Rodríguez Aizpeolea, Luis (19 December 1995). "González será candidato por séptima vez". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 6 April 2025.
  149. ↑ Díez, Anabel; Rodríguez Aizpeolea, Luis (23 December 1995). "El comité federal del PSOE proclama candidato a Felipe González sin ningún voto en contra". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 6 April 2025.
  150. ↑ Rodríguez Aizpeolea, Luis (19 January 1996). "PP y Par se alían para asegurar la mayoría absoluta en Aragón". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 27 July 2026.
  151. ↑ Altable, Juan (27 February 1996). "Aznar rebaña votos de los regionalistas para rentabilizar el reparto de escaños". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 27 July 2026.
  152. ↑ Rivas, Javier; Díez, Anabel (12 December 1994). "Anguita: "Somos la última esperanza que queda"". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 27 July 2026.
  153. ↑ "Esteve, elegido secretario general de CDC y Molins candidato de CiU por Barcelona a las generales" (in Spanish). Barcelona: Servimedia. 7 January 1996. Retrieved 30 July 2026.
  154. ↑ "De la 'operación Roca' a la 'operación Infanta'". El Mundo (in Spanish). Madrid. EFE. 5 April 2013. Retrieved 30 July 2026.
  155. 1 2 "Eivissa i Formentera al Senat" (in Catalan). L'Enciclopèdia d'Eivissa i Formentera. Retrieved 27 July 2026.
  156. ↑ "González asegura que está dispuesto a luchar por un quinto mandato como presidente del Gobierno". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. 25 February 1994. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  157. ↑ "El jefe de Gobierno dice que será candidato en 1997, aunque tiene "dos o tres" sucesores". El País (in Spanish). 20 October 1994. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  158. ↑ "PSOE. González abandonó el congreso sin saludar a Guerra" (in Spanish). Madrid: Servimedia. 20 March 1994. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  159. ↑ "Ciscar confirma que el PSOE elegirá al sucesor de González en septiembre". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. 21 July 1995. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  160. ↑ Díez, Anabel (7 August 1995). "González confirmará en otoño a su partido que no volverá a ser candidato a la presidencia". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  161. ↑ Rodríguez Aizpeolea, Luis; Díez, Anabel (8 October 1995). "Los íntimos de Felipe González le ven resuelto a no presentarse". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  162. ↑ Galán, Lola; Díez, Anabel; Rodríguez Aizpeolea, Luis (7 December 1995). "González admite en público que ahora puede ser un "problema" y no "la solución" para su partido". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  163. ↑ Díez, Anabel; Rodríguez Aizpeolea, Luis (22 November 1995). "La candidatura de Solana a la OTAN condiciona los planes de González de renunciar a la reelección". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  164. ↑ Díez, Anabel; Rodríguez Aizpeolea, Luis (2 December 1995). "Borrell gana espacio como candidato y arrecian las presiones sobre González". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  165. ↑ Díez, Anabel; Rodríguez Aizpeolea, Luis (31 July 1995). "El PSOE se moviliza para que González vuelva a encabezar su candidatura". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  166. ↑ Rodríguez Aizpeolea, Luis; Díez, Anabel (1 October 1995). "El PSOE presiona a González para que opte a la reeleccion por temor a un descalabro en las urnas". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 17 March 2025.
  167. 1 2 3 "Los lemas que ganaron elecciones" (in Spanish). Ciudadanos en crisis. 8 November 2011. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  168. ↑ Valenzuela, Javier (19 February 1996). "El PSOE asegura que su vídeo es legal y responde a tres años de "ataques brutales" del PP". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 27 July 2026.
  169. ↑ Casqueiro, Javier (12 February 1996). "Aznar "¡Quiero el programa ya!". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 27 July 2026.
  170. ↑ Julve, Rafa (14 December 2015). "Los carteles del PP y AP para las elecciones generales desde 1982". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 27 July 2026.
  171. ↑ Serrano, Rodolfo (9 February 1996). "La campaña metafísica de Anguita". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 27 July 2026.
  172. ↑ "Carteles electorales de las elecciones de 1996". Libertad Digital (in Spanish). 28 February 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2026.
  173. ↑ "'Llevamos Euskadi', lema del PNV en la campaña electoral". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. 22 January 1996. Retrieved 8 August 2026.
  174. 1 2 3 "Elecciones celebradas. Resultados electorales" (in Spanish). Ministry of the Interior. Archived from the original on 5 August 2024. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
  175. 1 2 Lozano, Carles. "Elecciones Generales 3 de marzo de 1996". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 August 2025.
  176. 1 2 "Acuerdo de 25 de marzo de 1996, de la Junta Electoral Central, por el que se ordena la publicación del resumen de los resultados de las elecciones para el Congreso de los Diputados y el Senado, convocadas por Real Decreto 1/1996, de 8 de enero, y celebradas el 3 de marzo de 1996, conforme a las actas de escrutinio general remitidas por las distintas Juntas Electorales Provinciales y las Juntas Electorales de Ceuta y Melilla" (PDF). Official State Gazette (in Spanish) (75): 11749–11774. 27 March 1996. ISSN 0212-033X. Retrieved 19 October 2025.
  177. ↑ "Acuerdo de 30 de abril de 1996, de la Junta Electoral Central, de publicación de corrección de errores del resumen de los resultados de las elecciones para el Congreso de los Diputados convocadas por Real Decreto 1/1996 de 8 de enero, y celebradas el 3 de marzo de 1996, según los datos que figuran en las actas de escrutinio general remitidas por cada una de las Juntas Electorales Provinciales" (PDF). Official State Gazette (in Spanish) (115): 16606. 11 May 1996. ISSN 0212-033X. Retrieved 19 October 2025.
  178. ↑ Lozano, Carles. "Elecciones al Senado 1996". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 August 2025.
  179. ↑ Lozano, Carles. "Congreso de los Diputados: Votaciones más importantes". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 August 2025.

Bibliography

Legislation

Other