Agent-general

An Agent-General (French: Délégué général or Déléguée générale, masculine and feminine respectively) is the representative in cities abroad of the government of a Canadian province or an Australian state and, historically, also of a British colony in Jamaica, Nigeria, Canada, Malta, South Africa, Australia or New Zealand and subsequently, of a Nigerian region. Australia's and Canada's federal governments are represented by high commissions, as are all Commonwealth national governments today.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, a growing number of British colonies appointed agents in Great Britain and Ireland and occasionally elsewhere in Europe to promote immigration to the colonies. Eventually, agents-general were appointed by some colonies to represent their commercial, legal, and diplomatic interests in Britain and to the British government and Whitehall. They were appointed, and their expenses and salaries provided, by the governments of the colonies they represented.

Starting in 1886, Quebec and the federal Canadian government also appointed agents-general to Paris. The first, Hector Fabre, was dispatched by the province of Quebec but was asked by the federal government to represent all of Canada. He and his successor, Philippe Roy, continued to represent both Quebec City and Ottawa in France until 1912 when the federal government asked Roy to resign his Quebec position to avoid conflicts of interest. Canadian provinces have also appointed agents-general (called delegates-general by Quebec beginning in the 1970s) to other countries and major cities.

Following a military coup in Nigeria in 1966, the federal system was abolished, and the posts of the agents-general of Nigerian regions in London were subsumed in the Nigerian High Commission.

By the 1990s, some Australian state governments regarded the office of their agent-general in London as a costly anachronism, even for promoting tourism and investment, and have since been closed and subsumed into the Australian High Commission. The majority of Australian states continue to have agents-general in London, but operate from Australia House rather than maintain separate premises.

Many Canadian provinces similarly are no longer represented by an agent-general, although Quebec continues to have a Government Office in London (Délégation générale du Québec à Londres) and in several other cities around the world. Ontario, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba have representatives who work out of the Canadian Embassy in Washington, DC.

In the United Kingdom, Agents-General of Australia and Canada (and their Staff) are granted the same Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities held under international law by virtue of the

Under international Agents-general have no diplomatic or legal status, privileges or immunities under international but may be granted the privilege of a Diplomatic Passport by some originating countries during their commission.

In the Australian colonies and Province of South Australia, prior to each achieving responsible government, each was represented in the United Kingdom by the Colonial Agent. The position was appointed by the British Secretary of State for the Colonies to work within the Office of the Crown Agents for the Colonies; each colony was represented by the same Agent, Edward Barnard, who was not appointed or paid by the colonies.

Growing dissatisfaction among colonial governments led, following each colony and province achieving responsible government, to the appointment of individual Agents-General appointed by the relevant colonial government to represent their interest to the Crown and Empire.

South Australia was the first Australian colonial government to appoint an Agent-General, with Gregory Seale Walters taking the post in January 1859. Only a few Australian states continue to maintain Agents-General in London.

This section is an excerpt from Agent-General for South Australia.[edit]

The Agent-General for South Australia is the official representative of the State of South Australia to the United Kingdom. The position is a quasi-diplomatic representative responsible for representing the State to the Crown and promoting South Australia's trade and economic interests in the United Kingdom and Europe. In 1858, South Australia was the first Australian colonial government to appoint an Agent-General.

• Hon Adye Douglas (later Sir, Kt), 1886–1887
• Sir Arthur Blyth (acting), 1887–1888
• James Arndell Youl CMG (later Sir, KCMG) (acting), 1888
• Hon Edward Braddon, (later Right Hon Sir, PC KCMG), 1888–1893
• Sir Robert Herbert, 1893–1896
• Sir Andrew Clarke (acting), 1896
• Sir Westby Perceval, 1896–1898
• Sir Andrew Clarke (acting), 1898–1899
• Hon Sir Philip Oakley Fysh, KCMG, 1899–1901
• Sir Andrew Clarke (acting), 1901
• Hon Alfred Dobson, CMG, 1901–1908
• Sir John McCall, KCMG, Kt., 1909–1919
• Alfred Henry Ashbolt (later Sir, Kt), 1919–1924
• Lieut.-Colonel R. Eccles Snowden (later Sir, Kt), 1924–1930
• Darcy W. Addison, CMG, ISO, MVO, 1930–1931
• Herbert W. Ely, ISO (acting), 1931–1937
• Hon Sir Claude Ernest Weymouth James, Kt, 1937–1950
• Sir Eric E. von Bibra, Kt, OBE 1950–1958
• Hon Sir Alfred J White, Kt 1959–1971
• Royce R. Neville, 1971–1978
• Hon Bill Neilson AC, 1978–1981

• Hugh Culling Eardley Childers, 1857–1858
• Charles Pasley, 1864–1867 (acting)
• George Frederic Verdon, 1867–1872
• Hugh Culling Eardley Childers, 1872–1873
• James McCulloch, 1873 (acting from January to April)
• Archibald Michie, 1873–1879
• Charles Pasley, 1880–1882 (acting)
• Robert Murray Smith, 1882–1886
• Graham Berry, 1886–1891
• James Munro, 1892–1893
• Duncan Gillies, 1893–1897
• Andrew Clarke, 1897–1902 (and for Tasmania)
• John William Taverner, 1903–1913
• Peter McBride, 1913–1922
• John McWhae, 1922–1924
• George Fairbairn, 1924–1927
• Walter Leitch, 1929–1933
• Richard Linton, 1933–1936
• Murray Bourchier, 1936–1937
• Albert Louis Bussau, 1938–1944
• Norman Angus Martin, 1945–1950
• John Henry Lienhop, 1950–1956
• William Watt Leggatt, 1956– 1964
• Sir Horace Petty, 1964–1969
• Sir Murray Porter, 1970–1976
• Sir John Rossiter 1976–1979
• The Hon Joseph Anstice Rafferty 1979–1983
• Ian Haig, 1983–1985
• Kenneth Andrew Finnin, 1985–1988
• Ian Haig, 1988–1989
• Ken Crompton, 1993–1996
• Alan Brown, 1996–2000
• Peter Hansen, 2000–2004
• David Buckingham, 2004–2009
• Sally Capp, 2009–2012
• Geoffrey Conaghan, 2013–2016
• Ken Ryan AM, 2017–2020
• Tim Dillon, 2020–present

• Hon Septimus Burt KC, 1891–1892 (Acting)
• Hon Sir Malcolm Fraser, 1892–1898
• Hon Sir Edward Wittenoom, 1898–1901
• Hon Sir Henry Lefroy, 1901–1904
• Hon Sir Walter James, 1904–1907
• Hon Sir Cornthwaite Rason, 1907–1911
• Hon Sir Newton Moore, 1911–1917
• Hon Sir James Connolly, 1917–1923
• Hon Sir Hal Colebatch, 1923–1927
• Hon William Angwin, 1927–1933
• Hon Sir Hal Colebatch, 1933–1939
• Hon Michael Troy, 1939–1947
• Hon William Kitson, 1947–1952
• Hon James Dimmitt, 1953–1957
• Hon Ernest Hoar, 1957–1965
• Hon Gerald Wild, 1965–1971
• Hon Sir Stewart Bovell, 1971–1974
• Jim Richards, 1975–1978
• Les Slade, 1978–1982
• Ron Douglas, 1982–1986
• Hon Ron Davies, 1986–1990
• David Fischer, 1990–1992
• Gary Stokes, 1992–1994
• Bill Hassell, 1994–1996
• Hon Clive Griffiths, 1997–2001
• Robert Fisher, 2001–2005
• Noel Ashcroft, 2005–2008
• Dr. Kerry Sanderson, 2008–2012
• Kevin Skipworth, 2012–2015
• John Atkins, 2015–2018
• Commodore Michael Deeks CSC RAN Rtd, 2018–2021
• John Langoulant, 2021–present

to the United Kingdom

• Edward Jenkins, MP for Dundee (1874–1876)
• William Annand (1876–1878)

to France

• Hector Fabre (1886–1910)
• Philippe Roy (1911–1912)

• John Alexander Reid (Great War)
• Herbert Greenfield (1927–1931)
• R. A. McMullen (circa 1966)
• James McKibben (1980s)
• Mary LeMessurier (1986–1992)

• Gilbert Malcolm Sproat (1872–1876)
• Thomas Stahlschmidt
• Henry Coppinger Beeton (1893–1895)
• Forbes George Vernon (1895–1898)
• William Walter (1898–1901)
• John Herbert Turner (1901–1915)
• Sir Richard McBride (1915–1917)
• Frederick Coate Wade (1917–1925)
• Frederick Arthur Pauline (1925–1931)
• Frederick Parker Burden (1931–1934)
• W. A. McAdam (1934–1958)
• B. M. Hoffmeister (1958–1961)
• J. V. Fishei (1961–1964)
• Earle Cathers Westwood (1964–1968)
• Rear Admiral M. G. Stirling (1968–1975)
• R. M. Strachan (1975–1977)
• L. J. Wallace (1977–1980)
• WR. Smart (Acting) (1980)
• A. H. Hart (1981–1987)
• Garde B. Gardom (1987–1992)
• Mark Willson Rose (1992–1995)
• Paul William King (Acting) (1995–2002)

• Anthony John McMillan (c. 1890–1900)
• R. Murray Armstrong (1955–1963)

As it was difficult to compete with larger provinces like Ontario and Quebec, the province of Manitoba decided to leave trade promotion to the federal government and accordingly recalled their agent-general in 1965 without appointing a replacement.

• Frederick W. Sumner (1915–)

• Joshua Maugher (1761–1768)
• William Annand (1878–1887)
• John Howard (1892–1929)
• Miss Jean Iris Howard (Acting, 1929–1930s)
• Charles Arthur Richardson (1969–1972)
• John Elvin Shaffner (1973–1976)
• Rear Admiral Desmond Piers (1977–1979)
• Donald MacKeen Smith (1980–?)

to the United Kingdom

• Southworth (1908–?)
• Richard Reid (1913–1916) Died in office
• Brigadier-General Manley R. Sims (1918–1920)
• G. C. Creelman (1920–1921)
• William C. Noxon (1921–1934)
• vacant (1934–1944)
• James S. P. Armstrong (1944–1967)
• Allan Rowan-Legg (1968–1972)
• Ward Cornell (1972–1978)
• W. Ross DeGeer (1978–1985)
• Thomas Leonard Wells (1985–1992)
• Robert Nixon (1992–1994)
• Sophia Arvanitis (2021-present)

to Asia-Pacific

• Tim (Thomas E.) Armstrong (1986-1990)

to France

• Patrick J. Lavelle (1981-1983)
• Adrienne Clarkson (1983–1988)

to Japan

• Robin Sears (1990–1994)

to New York City

• Carlton Masters (1992)

• Harrison Watson (1902–?)

Quebec uses the title agent-general or delegate-general. In 1936, legislation was passed by the government of Maurice Duplessis closing all Quebec government offices abroad. The government of Adélard Godbout repealed the legislation and opened an office in New York City in 1940. When Duplessis returned to power in 1944, his government retained the New York City office and its agent-general but opened no others. In the early 1960s, the government of Jean Lesage began to open additional offices abroad appointing in Paris (1961), London (1962), Rome and Milan (1965) and subsequent governments opened offices in Chicago (1969), Boston, Lafayette, Dallas and Los Angeles (1970), Munich and Berlin (1971), Brussels (1972), Atlanta (1977), Washington (1978), Mexico City and Tokyo (1980), Beijing and Santiago (1998), Shanghai and Barcelona (1999), Mumbai (2007), São Paulo (2008) and Moscow (2012). In 1971, the title of agent-general was officially changed to delegate-general although previous title is still often used, particularly for the government's representative to London.

As of 2024^[update], the Government of Quebec has 35 offices abroad, including 9 delegates-general.

to the United Kingdom

• Jean-Marie-Joseph-Pantaléon Pelletier (1911–1924)
• Louis-Joseph Lemieux (1925–1936)
• vacant (1936–1961)
• Hugues Lapointe (1961–1966)
• Guy Roberge (1966–1971)
• Jean Fournier (1971–1977)
• Gilles Loiselle (1977–1983)
• Patrick Hyndman (1983–1987)
• Reed Scowen (1987–1992)
• Harold Mailhot (1992–1995)
• Richard Guay (1995–2000)
• Daniel Audet (2000–2003)
• George R. MacLaren (2003–2008)
• Pierre Boulanger (2008–2012)
• Stéphane Paquet (2012–2014)
• Christos Sirros (2014–2017)
• John A. Coleman (2017–2019)
• Pierre Gabriel Côté (2019–present)

to France

• Hector Fabre (1882–1910)
• Philippe Roy (1911–1912)
• vacant (1912–1961)
• Charles Lussier (1961–1964)
• Jean Chapdelaine (delegate general) (1964–1976)
• François Cloutier (delegate general) (1976–1977)
• Jean Deschamps (delegate general) (1977–1979)
• Yves Michaud (delegate general) (1979–1984)
• Louise Beaudoin (delegate general) (1984–1985)
• Claude Pug (delegate general) (1985–1986)
• Jean-Louis Roy (delegate general) (1986–1990)
• Marcel Bergeron (delegate general) (1990–1991)
• André Dufour (delegate general) (1991–1994)
• Claude Pug (delegate general) (1994–1995)
• Marcel Masse (delegate general) (1995–1997)
• Michel Lucier (delegate general) (1997–2000)
• Clément Duhaime (delegate general) (2000–2005)
• Wilfrid-Guy Licari (delegate general) (2005–2010)
• Michel Robitaille (delegate general) (2010–present)

to Belgium

• Godfroy Langlois (1914–1928)
• vacant (1936–1972)
• Jean Deschamps (1972–1977)
• Jean Chapdelaine (chargé des affaires) (1977)
• André Patry (1978)
• Jean-Marc Léger (1978–1981)
• Jean-Paul L'Allier (1981–1984)
• Jean Tardif (1984–1986)
• Claude Roquet (1986–1989)
• Pierre Lorrain (1989–1993)
• Gérard P. Latulippe (1993–1996)
• Denis de Belleval (1996–1999)
• Richard Guay (1999–2001)
• Nicole Stafford (2001–2004)
• Christos Sirros (2004–2014)
• Michel Audet (delegate general) (2014–present)

to Germany (Munich)

• Claude Trudelle (delegate general) (as of 2016)

to Japan

• Claire Deronzier (delegate general) (2013–present)

to Mexico

• Christiane Pelchat (delegate general) (2011–2014)
• Eric R. Mercier (delegate general) (as of 2016)

to the United States (New York City)

• Charles Chartier (1940–1967)
• Jean-Marc Roy (1967–1969)
• Général Jean V. Allard (1969–1971)
• Guy Poliquin (1971–1977)
• Marcel Bergeron (delegate general) (1977–1980)
• Richard Pouliot (delegate general) (1980–1982)
• Raymond Gosselin (delegate general) (1982–1984)
• Rita Dionne-Marsolais (delegate general) (1984–1987)
• Léo Paré (delegate general) (1987–1992)
• Reed Scowen (delegate general) (1992–1994)
• Kevin Drummond (delegate general) (1994–1997)
• David Levine (delegate general) (1997–1998)
• Diane Wilhelmy (delegate general) (1998–2002)
• Michel Robitaille (delegate general) (2002–2007)
• Bruno Fortier (delegate general) (2007–2008)
• Robert Keating (delegate general) (2008–2009)
• John Parisella (delegate general) (2009–2012)
• André Boisclair (delegate general) (2012–2013)
• Dominique Poirier (delegate general) (2013–2014)
• Jean-Claude Lauzon (delegate general) (2014–present)

• Graham Spry (1946–1968)
• Edward Arthur Boden (1973–1977)
• Merv Johnson (1977–1983)
• Robert Larter
• Paul Emile Rousseau (1986–1991)

Source: Historic Jamaica.

• 1664–1666: Sir James Modyford
• 1682–?: Sir Charles Lyttelton
• William Beeston
• 1688: Ralph Knight
• Gilbert Heathcote
• 1693–1704: Bartholomew Gracedieu
• 1714: P. Marsh
• 1725: Alexander Stephenson
• 1725–1726: Edward Charlton
• 1728–1733: Charles de la Foy
• 1733: John Gregory
• 1733–1757: John Sharpe
• 1757–1762: Lovell Stanhope (MP for Winchester)
• 1764–1795: Stephen Fuller
• 1795–1803: Robert Sewell
• 1803–1812: Edmund Pusey Lyon
• 1812–1831: George Hibbert
• 1831–1845: William Burge
• 1845 Office abolished

With the granting of responsible self-government to Malta in 1921, a proposal of the government of Lord Strickland to appoint an agent-general to "encourage the migration of Maltese to the Northern Territory and north-west Australia" was presented to the parliament. Strickland, who was Governor of Western Australia (1909–1913) suggested former Colonial Secretary and Agent-General of Western Australia in London, Sir James Connolly. The position was discontinued with the suspension of the constitution in November 1933 and was replaced by a Trade Commissioner, who was in turn replaced by a Commissioner-General in 1947.

Prior to the creation of the Union of South Africa in 1910, the four constituent British colonies of southern Africa all sent agents-general to London, coinciding with the establishment of responsible self-government in each colony.

The Orange River Colony sent an agent-general from 1908 until the creation of the Union of South Africa in 1910. Brounger was a former director of the Orange Free State Railways.

The Transvaal Colony sent an agent-general from the establishment of responsible self-government in 1907 until the creation of the Union of South Africa in 1910. Solomon then served as the first South African High Commissioner in London from 1910 to 1913.

The Cape Colony sent separate agents-general until the creation of the Union of South Africa in 1910.

The Colony of Natal sent separate agents-general until the creation of the Union of South Africa in 1910.

After 1905 the position of Agent-General was replaced by that of High Commissioner, with the final Agent-General becoming the first High Commissioner.

The First Nigerian agents-general to the United Kingdom were appointed in December 1959 and include:

• Northern Region: Alhaji Sa'adu Alanamu
• Eastern Region: Jonah Chinyere Achara
• Western Region: Chief Akitoye Emmanuel Coker

The last Nigerian agents-General in London were:

• Northern Region: Baba Gana
• Eastern Region: A. Ekukinam-Bassey
• Western Region: Prince Delphus Adebayo Odubanjo
• Mid-West Region: Josiah A.P. Oki

• Hilliker, John; Barry, Donald (1995). Canada's Department of External Affairs. Volume 2: Coming of Age, 1946–1968. Canadian Public Administration Series. Vol. 20. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-0738-8. ISSN 0384-854X.
• Australian Dictionary of Biography

• Australian High Commission Website Archived 15 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine
• Quebec Government Office in London
• Victorian Government Agent-General
• Office of the Agent-General – South Australia
• Agent-General (UK) – Trade & Investment Queensland