CORONAS programme

Complex Orbital Observations Near-Earth of Activity of the Sun, or CORONAS, was a Russian Solar observation satellite programme. Three satellites were launched: CORONAS-I, CORONAS-F, and CORONAS-Photon.

CORONAS-I was launched in 1994.

The satellites had 12 instrumenents:

• TEREK-C - Solar XUV Telescope/Coronagraph
• RES-C - Solar X-ray Spectral Polarimeter
• DIOGENESS - Diagnostic of Energy Sources and Sinks in Flares
• HELICON - Solar X-ray and gamma-ray Scintillation Spectrometer
• IRIS - Solar Burst Spectrometer
• SUFR-Sp-C - Solar UV Radiometer
• VUSS - Vacuum UV Solar spectrum
• DIFOS - Solar Flux Optical Photometer
• SORS - Solar Radiospectrometer
• SKL-particles - Solar Cosmic-ray Spectrometer Complex - particles
• AVS - Amplitude-time Spectrum Analyser
• SKL-rad - Solar Cosmic-ray Spectrometer Complex - radiation

CORONAS-I was launched in 2001 and worked until 2005.

The satellites had 16 instrumenents:

• TEREK-C - Solar XUV Telescope/Coronagraph
• RES-C - Solar X-ray Spectral Polarimeter
• DIOGENESS - Diagnostic of Energy Sources and Sinks in Flares
• HELICON - Solar X-ray and gamma-ray Scintillation Spectrometer
• IRIS - Solar Burst Spectrometer
• SUFR-Sp-C - Solar UV Radiometer
• VUSS - Vacuum UV Solar spectrum
• DIFOS - Solar Flux Optical Photometer
• SORS - Solar Radiospectrometer
• SKL-particles - Solar Cosmic-ray Spectrometer Complex - particles
• SPR-N - Solar X-ray Polarimeter
• RESIK - X-ray Spectrometer
• AVS - Amplitude-time Spectrum Analyser
• RPS-1 - X-ray Semi-conductor Spectrometer
• IMAP-5 - Three-axis Magnetometer
• SKL-rad - Solar Cosmic-ray Spectrometer Complex - radiation

CORONAS-Photon was launched on 30 January 2009, from Plesetsk Cosmodrome, aboard the final flight of the Tsyklon-3 rocket. On 1 December 2009 all scientific instruments on the satellite were turned off due to the problems with power supply that were caused by a design flaw. On 18 April 2010 the creators of the satellite announced it was lost "with a good deal of certainty".

The satellite had 11 instruments:

• Natalya-2M-rad - High energy radiation spectrometer - radiation
• RT-2 - Roentgen Telescope-2
• Penguin-M - Hard X-ray polarimeter-spectrometer
• Konus-RF - X-ray and gamma-ray spectrometer
• BRM - Fast X-ray Monitor
• PHOKA - Multi-channel ultraviolet monitor
• TESIS - Telescope-spectrometer for imaging solar spectroscopy in X-rays
• Electron-M-PESCA - Charged particle analyzer
• STEP-F - Satellite telescope of electrons and protons
• Natalya-2M-particles - High energy radiation spectrometer - particles
• SM-8M Magnetometer