List of nuclear fusion companies

Commercial fusion is a term used to refer to privately or publicly held companies which aim to sell products (e.g., isotopes) or services (e.g., electricity) produced by nuclear fusion. Reactor-scale nuclear fusion has exceeded scientific break-even, opening the way for commercial reactor development.

Maintained lists

Several organizations of varied types track and document the growing fusion industry and regularly publish maintained, curated, updated international lists of companies which are working to develop and sell fusion reactors and related equipment and other technology.

Organization,
(location)		 Market
focus		 Company
count		 Latest
update		 Update
frequency
Dealroom.co
(Amsterdam, Netherlands)		 Europe, fusion-related startups 34 2026-09-16 Intermittent,
as needed
Energy Startups
(United States)		 World 48 2026-10-23 Intermittent,
as needed
Fusion Energy Base
(New York City, New York)		 World 73 2026
(no other date)		 Intermittent,
as needed
Fusion Industry Association
(Washington, D.C.)		 World 55: 26 
(archive)		 2026-07 Yearly
FusionX Group
(Oxfordshire, England)		 World 90 2026
(no other date)		 Intermittent,
as needed
Nature
(London, England)		 World 46 2026-08-26 Intermittent,
as needed
TechCrunch
(San Francisco, California)		 World, $100+ million private equity investment 17 2026-08-15 Intermittent,
as needed
Wikipedia
(San Francisco, California)		 World 77
(below)		 2026-10-28 Intermittent,
as needed

As of 2026, the Fusion Industry Association reports that combined cumulative, aggregate, historic total investment in fusion technology has exceeded $14.2 billion.: 9 

Commercial fusion companies

Companies pursue various different fusion methods and geometries for reactors. Some pursue one method, such as magnetic, inertial, or electrostatic confinement. Some pursue hybrid methods such as magneto–inertial or magneto–electrostatic confinement. More methods exist, many of which are listed in the table below. These varied methods can influence strongly many reactor and balance of plant considerations and systems.

Company Years
active		 Method Fuel Country Funding References, notes
Acceleron Fusion
(formerly NK Labs, LLC)		 2008–2022
(NK Labs)
2023–present
(Acceleron)		 Muon-catalyzed Deuterium–tritium United States
Alpha Ring 2015–present Electron-catalyzed Proton–boron United States $4.67M
American Fusion
(merger: Renewal Fuels, Kepler Fusion)		 2007–2025
(Renewal)
1947–present
(Kepler)		 Magnetic confinement: stellarator: torsatron: pulsed Deuterium–helium-3 United States Kepler is a subsidiary of American
Anubal Fusion 2024–present Inertial confinement: laser Proton–boron India $500K
ASPL Fusion
(Agnira Sanlayan Pvt. Ltd.)		 2025–present Solid target: particle accelerator beam driven;
Magnetic confinement: tandem mirror		 Proton–lithium;
Deuterium–deuterium		 India $2M
Astral Systems 2021–present Inertial-electrostatic: Lattice confinement Deuterium–tritium,
deuterium–deuterium		 United Kingdom $40M: 32  : 32  Focus: producing radioisotopes, not energy
Avalanche Energy 2018–present Magneto–electrostatic confinement: cusp, colliding beam Deuterium–tritium United States $105M
Blue Laser Fusion 2022–present Inertial confinement: optical enhancement cavity (OEC) laser Proton–boron United States $62.5M
Cambridge Heavy Industries 2025–present Inertial confinement: laser Deuterium–deuterium United States $6.2M University spin-off: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
China Fusion Energy Company
(CFEC)		 2025–present Magnetic confinement: tokamak Deuterium–tritium China $2.1B CFEC is a subsidiary of China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC)
Ciral Fusion 2024–present Inertial confinement: impact collider Deuterium–tritium Australia
Commonwealth Fusion Systems 2018–present Magnetic confinement: tokamak Deuterium–tritium United States $4B University spin-off: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cortex Fusion Systems 2021–present Inertial confinement: non-thermal, laser Deuterium–tritium United States $1.8M
Crossfield Fusion Ltd 2019–present Closed orbit, velocity resonant systems United Kingdom Reactor development ended 2021
CTFusion, Inc 2015–2023 Magnetic confinement: dynomak Deuterium–tritium United States University spin-off: University of Washington
Dante Fusion 2025–present Magnetic confinement: spherical tokamak Deuterium–tritium Denmark University spin-off: Technical University of Denmark
Deutelio 2022–present Magnetic confinement: levitated dipole Deuterium–deuterium  Switzerland $540K
Electric Fusion Systems, Inc. 2020–present Non-thermal: light element electric fusion (LEEF) via Rydberg matter Proton–lithium-7 United States
EMC2 (Energy Matter Conversion Corporation) 1985–present Magneto-electrostatic confinement: polywell Deuterium–tritium United States
Energy Singularity Energy Technology 2021–present Magnetic confinement: tokamak Deuterium–tritium China
ENN Energy 2017–present Magnetic confinement: spheromak Proton–boron China $590M
EX-Fusion 2021–present Inertial confinement: laser Deuterium–tritium Japan $38M: 46 
Firefly Fusion 2023–present Magnetic confinement: tokamak Deuterium–tritium France
 Switzerland		 $90K DIII-D tokamak research partner
First Light Fusion 2011–present Inertial confinement: impact Deuterium–tritium United Kingdom $156M University spin-off: University of Oxford
Focused Energy 2021–present Inertial confinement: laser Deuterium–tritium Germany $500M
Fuse Energy Technologies Corporation 2019–present Magneto-inertial: magnetized liner Deuterium–tritium United States $20M
Fusion Power Corporation 2016–2019 Inertial confinement: heavy ion Deuterium–tritium United States
Gauss Fusion 2022–present Magnetic confinement: stellarator Deuterium–tritium Germany
General Atomics Fusion Division 2022–present Magnetic confinement: tokamak Deuterium–tritium United States
General Fusion 2002–present Magneto-inertial: magnetized target Deuterium–tritium Canada $612M
GenF 2024–present Inertial confinement: laser Deuterium–tritium France $10.8M: 55 
HB11 Energy 2017–present Inertial confinement: non-thermal, laser Proton–boron Australia
Helical Fusion 2021–present Magnetic confinement: stellarator Deuterium–tritium Japan
Helicity Space 2018–present Magneto-inertial: plasma jet collider-compressor Deuterium–deuterium United States For spaceflight
Helion Energy 2013–present Magneto-inertial: field-reversed configuration collider-compressor Deuterium–deuterium United States $3.2B
Horne Technologies 2008–
present		 Magneto–electrostatic confinement: cusp Deuterium–
deuterium, proton–
boron		 United States
Hylenr 2018–
present		 Lattice confinement: particle accelerator beam driven Hydrogen India
HyperJet Fusion 2017–
2022		 Magneto-inertial: plasmoid imploded by plasma jets United States
Inertia Enterprises 2025–
present		 Inertial confinement: laser Deuterium–
tritium		 United States $500M Research spin-off: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory National Ignition Facility
Infroton Fusion 2024–present Magneto-inertial: lasers, cavity pressure acceleration Deuterium–deuterium United States : 65 
KMS Fusion 1969–1990 Inertial confinement: laser Deuterium–
tritium		 United States Work moved to General Atomics
Kronos Fusion Energy 2022–present Magnetic confinement: spherical tokamak Deuterium–tritium United States
Kyoto Fusioneering 2019–
present		 Magnetic confinement: reactor subsystems Deuterium–
tritium		 Japan $191M University spin-off: Kyoto University
LaserFusionX 2022–
present		 Inertial confinement: krypton-fluoride laser Deuterium–
tritium		 United States $458K Research spin-off: United States Naval Research Laboratory
Liberty Fusion 2025–present Magneto-inertial: plasma jet-driven plasma liner Deuterium–tritium United States $0.625M Research spin-off: Los Alamos National Laboratory
Lockheed Martin 2010–
present		 Magnetic confinement: cusp Deuterium–
tritium		 United States
Longview Fusion Energy Systems 2021–
present		 Inertial confinement: laser Deuterium–
tritium		 United States
LPP Fusion, Inc.
(Lawrenceville Plasma Physics)		 2003–
present		 Magnetic confinement pinch: dense plasma focus Proton–
boron		 United States President, chief scientist: Eric J. Lerner
Magneto Inertial Fusion Technology Inc. (MIFTI) 2008–
present		 Magneto-inertial: z-pinch Deuterium–
tritium		 United States University spin-off: University of California, Irvine; Division: US Nuclear Corp
Marvel Fusion 2019–
present		 Inertial confinement: laser Proton–
boron		 Germany $440M
Norrønt AS
(formerly Ultrafusion Nuclear Power)		 2016–2017
(Ultrafusion)
2018–
present
(Norrønt)		 Muon-catalyzed Deuterium–
tritium		 Norway Merged with Norrønt Fusion Energy
nT-Tao 2019–
present		 Magnetic confinement: stellarator Deuterium–
tritium		 Israel $34M minimum
NearStar Fusion 2021–
present		 Magneto-inertial: magnetized target, impact Deuterium–
tritium, Deuterium–
deuterium, proton–
boron		 United States $2M Corporate spin-off: HyperJet Fusion
NovaFusion Energy Technology
(NovaFusionX)		 2025–
present		 Magnetic confinement: field-reversed configuration collider-compressor Deuterium–
tritium		 China $171.9M
Novatron Fusion Group AB 2019–
present		 Magnetic confinement: mirror Deuterium–
tritium		 Sweden $28M
OpenStar Technologies 2021–
present		 Magnetic confinement: levitated dipole Deuterium–
deuterium (tritium suppressed)		 New Zealand $29.4M
Pacific Fusion 2023–
present		 Inertial confinement: magnetized liner inertial fusion (MagLIF) Deuterium–
tritium		 United States $1B Founding chief executive officer is Eric Lander
Pranos Fusion Energy 2024–
present		 Magnetic confinement: tokamak Deuterium–
tritium		 India $7.2M Research spin-off: Institute for Plasma Research
Princeton Fusion Systems
(formerly Princeton Satellite Systems)		 1992–2017
(Satellite)
2018–
present
(Fusion)		 Magnetic confinement: field-reversed configuration Deuterium–
deuterium		 United States
Proxima Fusion 2023–
present		 Magnetic confinement: quasi-isodynamic stellarator Deuterium–
tritium		 Germany $740M
(€641M)		 Research spin-off: Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics
Realta Fusion 2022–
present		 Magnetic confinement: tandem mirror Deuterium–
tritium		 United States $57.5M University spin-off: University of Wisconsin–Madison
Renaissance Fusion 2021–
present		 Magnetic confinement: stellarator Deuterium–
tritium		 France
Rosatom 2007–present Magnetic confinement: tokamak Deuterium–tritium Russia $701M
Shine Technologies 2005–2017
(Phoenix)
2010–
present
(Shine)		 Magneto-electrostatic confinement: particle accelerator Deuterium–
tritium		 United States Over $1B Corporate spin-off: Phoenix Nuclear Labs, 2010; Focus: producing radioisotopes, not energy
Smart Fusion Energy 2026–present Magnetic confinement: spherical tokamak Deuterium–tritium Spain University spin-off: University of Seville
Startorus Fusion 2021–
present		 Magnetic confinement: spherical tokamak Deuterium–
tritium		 China $138.9M: 97  Research spin-off: Tsinghua University
Stellarex, Inc 2022–
present		 Magnetic confinement: stellarator Deuterium–
tritium		 United States University spin-off: Princeton University
TAE Technologies
(formerly Tri Alpha Energy)		 1998–2017
(Tri Alpha)
2017–
present
(TAE)		 Magnetic confinement: beam driven field-reversed configuration Proton–
boron		 United States $1.6B University spin-off: University of California, Irvine
Terra Fusion Energy 2024–
present		 Magnetic confinement: tandem mirror: centrifugal Deuterium–
tritium		 United States University spin-off: University of Maryland, Baltimore
Thea Energy
(formerly Princeton Stellarators)		 2022–
present		 Magnetic confinement: stellarator Deuterium–
tritium		 United States $130M
Tibbar Plasma Technologies 2015–
present		 Magneto-electrostatic confinement Proton–
boron		 United States $4.8M
Tokamak Energy 2009–
present		 Magnetic confinement: tokamak Deuterium–
tritium		 United Kingdom $336M Research spin-off: Culham Centre for Fusion Energy
Type One Energy Group 2019–
present		 Magnetic confinement: stellarator Deuterium–
tritium		 United States $469M
Xcimer Energy Inc. 2022–
present		 Inertial confinement: excimer laser Deuterium–
tritium		 United States $100M
Yan Fusion 2025–present Magnetic confinement: stellarator Deuterium–tritium China $293M: 112  : 112 
Zap Energy 2017–
present		 Magnetic confinement: z-pinch Deuterium–
tritium		 United States $327M University spin-off: University of Washington
Zephyr Fusion 2025–present Magnetic confinement: levitated dipole Deuterium–deuterium United States $0.125M Outer space-based reactors

See also

References

  1. ↑ Hiller, Jennifer; Niiler, Eric; Woodward, Aylin (12 December 2022). "U.S. to Announce Nuclear-Fusion Energy Breakthrough". The Wall Street Journal. New York City, New York. Retrieved 14 October 2026.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Savage, Neil (26 August 2026). "A raft of start-up firms is betting on nuclear fusion". Nature. London, United Kingdom: Springer Nature. Retrieved 13 October 2026.
  3. ↑ Staff (16 September 2026). "Nuclear fusion startups in Europe". Dealroom.co. Amsterdam, Netherlands. Retrieved 15 October 2026.
  4. ↑ Gillet, Alexander (23 October 2026). "Energy Startups: Top 48 Fusion Energy startups". Energy Startups. United States: LiveStartups. Retrieved 28 October 2026.
  5. ↑ Wurzel, Sam, ed. (2019–2026). "Fusion Energy Base: Opening Up Access to Fusion Energy Development". Fusion Energy Base. New York City, New York: Triple Product, Inc. Retrieved 26 October 2026.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Staff (July 2026). 2026: The Global Fusion Industry (PDF). Fusion Industry Association (Report). Washington, D.C. Retrieved 13 October 2026.
  7. ↑ Staff (2026). Past Fusion Industry Reports. Fusion Industry Association (Report). Washington, D.C. Retrieved 15 October 2026.
  8. ↑ Staff (2026). "FusionX: Fusion Companies". FusionX Group Ltd. Oxfordshire, England, United Kingdom. Retrieved 15 October 2026.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Savage, Neil (26 August 2026). "The 46 companies scrambling to commercialize fusion for energy". Nature. London, United Kingdom: Springer Nature. Retrieved 15 October 2026.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 De Chant, Tim (15 August 2026). "Every fusion startup that has raised over $100M". TechCrunch. San Francisco, California. Retrieved 15 October 2026.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Clynes, Tom (28 January 2020). "5 Big Ideas for Making Fusion Power a Reality". IEEE Spectrum. New York City, New York: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Retrieved 17 September 2026.
  12. 1 2 3 Jen, David (21 August 2026). "A Fusion of Engineering: Extreme Demands of Fusion Plants Call for New Ideas and Designs". Informed Infrastructure. West Allis, Wisconsin: V1 Media. Retrieved 17 September 2026.
  13. ↑ Staff (2008–2024). "Developing Muon Catalyzed Fusion as an Abundant New Source of Clean Energy". Acceleron Fusion, Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts. Retrieved 6 December 2025.
  14. ↑ Knaian, Ara (7 April 2020). "Conditions for High-Yield Muon Catalyzed Fusion". Advanced Research Projects Agency – Energy (ARPA-E). United States Department of Energy. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  15. ↑ Staff (11 December 2024). "Acceleron Fusion raises $24M in seed funding to advance low-temp fusion". Nuclear Newswire. American Nuclear Society. Retrieved 6 December 2025.
  16. 1 2 Chao-Hang, Chiu (13 July 2026). Written at Monterey, California. "Alpha Ring bets on desktop nuclear fusion to redefine the future of clean energy". Taiwan Current News (TCN). Taipei City, Taiwan. Retrieved 21 October 2026.
  17. ↑ Staff (2015–2026). "Alpha Ring: The Future is Fusion". Alpha Ring International (in English and Chinese). Monterey, California. Retrieved 21 October 2026.
  18. ↑ Staff (1 May 2025). Written at Monterey, California. "Alpha Ring unveils table-top fusion research tools". World Nuclear News (WNN). London, England, United Kingdom: World Nuclear Association. Retrieved 21 October 2026.
  19. ↑ Staff (2007–2026). "American Fusion: Powering the Future with Fusion Energy". American Fusion, Inc. Southlake, Texas. Retrieved 29 June 2026.
  20. ↑ Staff (1947–2026). "Kepler Fusion: Pioneering Compact Fusion Energy". Kepler Fusion, Inc. Southlake, Texas. Retrieved 29 June 2026. Official name: Kepler Fusion Technologies. Brand name: Kepler Fusion. Merged parent entity: American Fusion; Kepler is a subsidiary.
  21. ↑ Shaikh, Kaif (27 June 2026). Written at Southlake, Texas. "American Fusion moves 5MW Texatron fusion engine closer to independent validation". Interesting Engineering. New York City, New York: IE Media, Inc. Retrieved 29 June 2026.
  22. ↑ Tripathi, Aman (30 August 2026). Written at Southlake, Texas. "US nuclear fusion firm tests 100,000-atmosphere plasma pulses to advance Texatron engine". Interesting Engineering. New York City, New York: IE Media, Inc. Retrieved 30 August 2026.
  23. ↑ Staff (2024–2026). "Anubal Fusion: We've built our world on extraction. Now, we're building it on transformation". Anubal Fusion. Gurugram, Haryana, India. Retrieved 13 September 2026.
  24. ↑ Staff (30 October 2025). "Can India produce a global energy leader: early lessons from Anubal Fusion's experience". Speciale Invest. Chennai, India: VMM Collective. Retrieved 13 September 2026.
  25. ↑ Staff (2025–2026). "ASPL Fusion: Fusion in the Service of Humanity". ASPL Fusion. Gandhinagar, India. Retrieved 14 September 2026.
  26. ↑ Staff (2026). Written at Gandhinagar, India. "ASPL Fusion". FusionX. London, United Kingdom: FusionX Group. Retrieved 14 September 2026.
  27. ↑ Staff (2021–2026). "Astral Systems: Fusion, Redefined, Now". Astral Systems. Bristol, England. Retrieved 19 October 2026.
  28. ↑ Harvey, Dave (26 February 2025). Written at Bristol, England. "Cancer scans to be revolutionised by nuclear start-up". British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). London, England. Retrieved 19 October 2026.
  29. ↑ Ackerman, Naomi (23 June 2026). Written at Bristol, England. "How a nuclear fusion reactor that fits on a table can fight cancer". The Times. London, England: Times Media. Retrieved 19 October 2026.
  30. ↑ Stiffler, Lisa (3 February 2026). "Soviet secrets and Star Wars prototypes: Avalanche raises $29M for its desktop-sized power quest". Geekwire. Seattle, Washington. Retrieved 11 October 2026.
  31. ↑ "Avalanche Energy". VC Database. VC News Daily. Retrieved 26 June 2026.
  32. ↑ Staff (2018–2025). "Avalanche: Moving, Power". Avalanche, Inc. Tukwila, Washington. Retrieved 6 December 2025.
  33. ↑ Staff (16 April 2025). "Avalanche Energy launches FusionWERX". Nuclear Engineering International. Retrieved 3 December 2025.
  34. ↑ Staff (October 2023). "Blue Laser Fusion Raises $25M in Seed Funding". Photonics Spectra. Pittsfield, Massachusetts: Laurin Publishing Company. Retrieved 28 August 2026.
  35. ↑ Staff (20 March 2024). "Blue Laser Fusion Funding Round". Gaebler.com. Chicago, Illinois: Gaebler Ventures. Retrieved 28 August 2026. On 3/20/2024, Blue Laser Fusion raised $37.5 million in Seed funding from Itochu Corporation, JAFCO and SoftBank Group.
  36. ↑ Staff (2022–2025). "Blue Laser Fusion: The future of energy is laser-driven". Blue Laser Fusion, Inc. Goleta, California. Retrieved 12 December 2025.
  37. ↑ Yamada, Ryotaro (23 July 2023). "Nuclear fusion race draws in Nobel-winning LED pioneer". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  38. ↑ De Chant, Tim (13 October 2026). "Cambridge Heavy Industries has been quietly building a desktop fusion device". TechCrunch. San Francisco, California. Retrieved 15 October 2026.
  39. ↑ Staff (2025–2026). "Cambridge Heavy Industries: Compact Inertial Confinement Fusion". MGMT Boston: Cambridge Heavy Industries. Cambridge, Massachusetts. Retrieved 15 October 2026.
  40. 1 2 Wenxing, Zhong; Jun, Liang (24 July 2025). "China sets up state-owned fusion energy company amidst push for inexhaustible clean power". People's Daily Online (in English and Chinese). Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved 24 July 2026.
  41. 1 2 Staff (30 July 2025). "China launches fusion-focused company". American Nuclear Society. Retrieved 24 July 2026.
  42. ↑ Staff (1955–2026). "China National Nuclear Corporation". China National Nuclear Corporation (in Chinese, English, French, Spanish, Russian, and Arabic). Beijing, China. Retrieved 24 July 2026.
  43. ↑ Staff (2024–2026). "Ciral Fusion: Two projectiles. One hot spot". Ciral Fusion Pty Ltd. Melbourne, Australia. Retrieved 26 October 2026.
  44. ↑ Staff (2026). Written at Melbourne, Australia. "Ciral Fusion". FusionX. London, United Kingdom: FusionX Group. Retrieved 26 October 2026.
  45. ↑ Staff (2018–2026). "Commonwealth Fusion Systems: Our story". Commonwealth Fusion Systems. Devens, Massachusetts. Retrieved 15 August 2026.
  46. ↑ Staff (2018–2026). "Commonwealth Fusion Systems: The world's largest and leading commercial fusion energy company". Commonwealth Fusion Systems. Devens, Massachusetts. Retrieved 15 August 2026.
  47. ↑ Kaye, David (18 June 2024). "Cortex Fusion Systems". F4 Management LLC. Woodway, Washington. Retrieved 15 August 2026.
  48. ↑ Staff (2021–2025). "Cortex Fusion Systems: Nuclear energy using ultrafast lasers". Cortex Fusion Systems, Inc. New York City, New York. Retrieved 31 July 2026.
  49. ↑ Staff (2019–2025). "Crossfield Fusion: Fusion: The future of safe clean energy". Crossfield Fusion. London, England. Retrieved 8 December 2025.
  50. ↑ "Mission". Crossfield Fusion. Retrieved 2 August 2023. The company adopted a new approach to building fusion reactors based on patented technology (US8138692) called the Epicyclotron. The company was founded in 2019 and developed a working fusion device in 2021 based on this approach. In October 2021 the company determined through the experimentation work completed and detailed 'particle in cell' modelling of loss mechanisms that the reactor would not scale as initially anticipated (and therefore could not be developed to deliver a net gain fusion reactor). The company is currently exploring the use of this technology they developed in hydrogen isotope separation as part of the fusion fuel cycle.
  51. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Bacon, Alexandra (27 July 2023). "Mapping Europe's nuclear fusion industry". Sifted. Financial Times. Retrieved 29 January 2026.
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  53. ↑ Ackerman, Evan (26 November 2014). "Inside the Dynomak: A Fusion Technology Cheaper Than Coal". IEEE Spectrum. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Retrieved 21 December 2025.
  54. 1 2 Stiffler, Lisa (5 April 2023). "Energy startup CTFusion folds as co-founders land at rival Zap". GeekWire. Seattle, Washington. Retrieved 30 December 2025.
  55. ↑ Staff (2025–2026). "Dante Fusion: Fusion for Today". Dante Fusion. Kongens Lyngby, Denmark. Retrieved 8 September 2026.
  56. ↑ Ramskov, Jens (18 April 2026). Written at Kongens Lyngby, Denmark. "DTU researchers have a wild 'million' plan: Will build and operate a fusion reactor on Risø". Ingeniøren (The Engineer) (in Danish). Copenhagen, Denmark: Technology Media House. Retrieved 8 September 2026.
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  58. ↑ Staff (2020–2025). "Electric Fusion Systems: A New Approach to Fusion". Electric Fusion Systems, Inc. Broomfield, Colorado. Retrieved 12 December 2025.
  59. ↑ Emilio, Maurizio Di Paolo (8 July 2021). "EFS Plans Aneutronic Fusion Reactor". EE Times Asia. Retrieved 27 July 2026.
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  61. ↑ Staff (13 June 2014). "Low-Cost Fusion Project Steps Out of the Shadows and Looks for Money". NBC News. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  62. ↑ Ventura, Tim (13 December 2019). "Robert Bussard on IEC Fusion Power & The Polywell Reactor". Dialogue & Discourse. Medium. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  63. ↑ Staff (2021–2025). "Energy Singularity: Faster Path to Commercial Fusion Energy". Energy Singularity. Shanghai, China. Retrieved 11 December 2025.
  64. ↑ Li, Stephanie (4 May 2023). "Chinese nuclear-tech firm Energy Singularity raises $58m funding". DealStreetAsia. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  65. ↑ Staff (2017–2025). "ENN Group". ENN Energy Research. Langfang, China. Retrieved 25 December 2025.
  66. ↑ Barcelo, Yan (1 November 2022). "Nuclear Fusion May Be Nearer Than You Think". Morningstar. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  67. ↑ Staff (2021–2023). "EX-Fusion: Building a Better Future with Fusion Power". EX-Fusion (in Japanese and English). Osaka, Japan. Retrieved 20 October 2026.
  68. 1 2 3 Foster, Scott (30 May 2023). "Japan's fusion start-ups starting to roll in money". Asia Times. Retrieved 20 October 2026.
  69. ↑ Staff (18 December 2024). "Firefly Fusion". CB Insights. New York City, New York. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  70. ↑ Staff (2023–2025). "Firefly Fusion: The Rapid Reliable Path to Commercial Fusion Energy". Firefly Fusion. Aix-en-Provence, France; Lausanne, Switzerland. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  71. ↑ Singh, Raveena; Kumar, Naveen (15 August 2026). "This Startup Is Building a Two Meter Fusion Reactor that Can Power a City". GreyB Analytics. Singapore. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
  72. ↑ Staff (2011–2025). "First Light Fusion". First Light Fusion Ltd. Oxford, United Kingdom. Retrieved 13 December 2025.
  73. ↑ Andrews, Charlotte; Stern, Jeremy (14 July 2023). "Oxfordshire start-up hopes to transform nuclear fusion production". BBC News. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  74. ↑ Staff (25 January 2023). Written at Oxford, United Kingdom. "First Light Fusion demonstration plant site agreement, targets 2024 construction start". World Nuclear News (WNN). London, England, United Kingdom: World Nuclear Association. Retrieved 21 January 2026.
  75. 1 2 3 4 Clery, Daniel (15 February 2023). "Startups try to turn laser fusion success into clean power plants". Science. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  76. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Chang, Kenneth (13 November 2023). "Start-Ups With Laser Beams: The Companies Trying to Ignite Fusion Energy". The New York Times. New York City, New York. Retrieved 26 December 2025.
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  78. ↑ Henrikson, Eric (20 June 2023). "Austin-based company attempts to design fusion power plant in Texas". KXAN-TV. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  79. 1 2 3 4 Kramer, David (March 2023). "NIF success gives laser fusion energy a shot in the arm". Physics Today. 76 (3): 25–27. Bibcode:2023PhT....76c..25K. doi:10.1063/PT.3.5195. S2CID 257301499. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  80. 1 2 3 4 Wrede, Insa (1 July 2026). "German startups compete in global race for nuclear fusion". DW. Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 1 July 2026.
  81. 1 2 Jeans, David (3 July 2024). "Why Top Nuclear Experts and Ex-CIA Brass Joined a High School Grad's Tiny Fusion Startup". Forbes. Retrieved 31 July 2026.
  82. ↑ Staff (2019–2026). "Fuse: Accelerating the World's Transition to Fusion Energy". Fuse Energy Technologies. San Leandro, California. Retrieved 31 July 2026.
  83. ↑ Staff (2011–2019). "Welcome to Fusion Power Corporation". Fusion Power Corporation. Sacramento, California. Retrieved 14 December 2025.
  84. ↑ Staff (21 June 2023). "Fusion Power Corporation". Canada Company Directory. Retrieved 21 January 2026.
  85. ↑ Staff (2022–2025). "Gauss Fusion: Leading European Industries to Build Fusion Power Plants". Gauss Fusion. Munich, Germany. Retrieved 15 December 2025.
  86. ↑ Staff (2022–2025). "General Atomics: Magnetic Fusion". General Atomics. San Diego, California. Retrieved 15 December 2025.
  87. ↑ Staff (2022–2025). "General Atomics: Fusion Technology Systems". General Atomics. San Diego, California. Retrieved 15 December 2025.
  88. ↑ Nikolewski, Rob (2 June 2023). "A step closer to making nuclear fusion a reality? San Diego's General Atomics partners with UK company". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  89. ↑ Staff (2002–2025). "General Fusion: Bringing Fusion Energy to Market". General Fusion. Richmond, British Columbia, Canada. Retrieved 23 December 2025.
  90. ↑ Staff (2024–2026). "GenF: Fusion Generated Energy". GenF. Elancourt, France. Retrieved 21 October 2026.
  91. ↑ Le Gros, Gaic (29 April 2025). Written at Elancourt, France. "GenF: Nuclear Fusion to Replace Current Reactors". Sfen (in French and English). Paris, France: French Nuclear Society. Retrieved 21 October 2026.
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  93. ↑ Davidson, John (2 August 2023). "US backs Sydney fusion start-up's nuclear ambitions". Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
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  156. ↑ Henning, Eyk; Schuetze, Arno; Thompson, Maya (7 July 2026). "Google and RWE Back German Nuclear Startup Proxima Fusion at €2.4 Billion Valuation". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 18 August 2026.
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  189. ↑ Soper, Taylor (19 May 2021). "Seattle startup Zap Energy lands $27.5M to build commercial fusion reactor without magnets". GeekWire. Seattle, Washington. Retrieved 30 December 2025.
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