Engan languages

Engan
Enga–Kewa–Huli Enga – Southern Highlands
Geographic distribution	New Guinea
Linguistic classification	Trans–New Guinea or Papuan Gulf? Central New Guinea Highlands Engan
Subdivisions	North (Engan) South (Kewa–Huli)
Language codes
Glottolog	enga1254
Map: The Engan languages of New Guinea   The Engan languages   Trans–New Guinea languages   Other Papuan languages   Austronesian languages   Uninhabited

The Engan languages, or more precisely Enga–Kewa–Huli or Enga – Southern Highland, are a small family of Papuan languages of the highlands of Papua New Guinea. The two branches of the family are rather distantly related, but were connected by Franklin and Voorhoeve (1973).

Name

The name "Engan" is often restricted to the northern branch of the family, to those languages transparently related to Enga, but also sometimes to the family as a whole.

Languages

The languages fall into three quite distinct branches: Engan proper, Huli, and Southern Highlands:

• North Engan (Engan proper): Enga–Kyaka–Lembena, Ipili, Bisorio (Nete, Iniai)
• South Engan (Kewa–Huli)
  • Huli
  • Southern Highlands: Angal (Mendi), Kewa; Samberigi (Sau)

Classification

The Engan family constitutes a branch of the Trans–New Guinea languages in the classifications of Wurm and of Malcolm Ross, but the evidence for this is weak.

Usher links the Engan and Chimbu languages in a Central New Guinea Highlands family.

There are a considerable number of resemblances with Wiru. Borrowing has not been ruled out as the reason for this, though the pronouns are similar as well.

Proto-language

Modern reflexes

The Enga-Kewa-Huli reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma, if Engan languages are indeed members of the Trans-New Guinea family, are:

Enga:

• mona ‘heart’ < *mundun
• yaka ‘bird’ < *yaka(i)
• lyaŋa ‘ashes’ < *la(ŋ,k)a
• ŋaŋa ‘baby < *ŋaŋ(a)
• (m)ama ‘mother’ < *am(a,i)
• kuri ‘bone’ < *kondaC
• kare ‘ear’ < *kand(e,i)k(V]
• ne- ‘eat’ < *na
• apa(ne) ‘father’ < *apa
• iti ‘hair’ < *iti[C]
• endo ‘fire’ < *kend(o,u)p
• lema ‘louse’ < *niman
• kana ‘moon’ < *takVn[V]
• mana ‘instructions’ < *mana
• kitama ‘morning’ < *k(i,u)tuma
• kumi- ‘die’ < *kumV-
• re- ‘speak’ < *nde-
• maa ‘taro’ < *mV
• ita ‘tree’ < *inda

Huli:

• ega ‘bird’ < *yaka(i)
• na- ‘eat’ < *na-
• aba ‘father’ < *apa
• iri ‘hair’ < *iti[C]
• ira ‘tree’ < *inda
• ma ‘taro’ < *mV

Kewa:

• ama ‘mother’ < *am(a,i)
• ibi ‘name’ < *imbi
• iri ‘hair’ < *iti[C]
• uni ‘bone’ < *kwanjaC
• apu ‘tail’ < *a(mb,m)u
• lema ‘louse’ < *niman
• oma ‘die’ < *kumV-
• reka- ‘stand’ < *t(a,e)kV-
• la- ‘talk’ < *nde-
• maa ‘taro’ < *mV
• yaa ‘bird’ < *yaka(i)

Mendi:

• am ‘mother’ < *am(a,i)
• ap ‘father’ < *apa
• mbi ‘name’ < *imbi
• ome- ‘die’ < *kumV-

Basic vocabulary

Basic vocabulary of Enga and Kewa from William A. Foley (1986). The pairs of words are not necessarily cognate.

gloss	Enga	Kewa
‘two’	rama	laapo
‘man’	akari	ali
‘water’	ipa	ipa
‘fire’	ita	repona
‘tree’	ita	are
‘leaf’	yoko	yo
‘root’	pingi	pitaa
‘house’	ada	ada
‘breast’	adu	adu
‘tooth’	nege	agaa
‘bone’	kori	kuli
‘ear’	kare	kale
‘hair’	iti	iri
‘leg’	kape	aa
‘blood’	kupapu	kupaa
‘hand’	ruma	ki
‘egg’	kapa	yaa apaa
‘sun’	nita	nare
‘axe’	patama	rai
‘netbag’	nuu	nu
‘eat’	ne-	na-
‘die’	kumi-	koma-
‘say’	re-	la-
‘give’	mai-/gi-	gi-
‘big’	adake	adaa

References

• Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. doi:10.15144/PL-572. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.

Further reading

• Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-Engan. TransNewGuinea.org.

External links

• Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Enga – Southern Highlands Archived 2016-04-13 at the Wayback Machine
  • (ibid.) Trans-Enga^{[dead link]}