Telue language

Telue
Telue
White Gelao
Duoluo
Native to	China, Vietnam
Region	Guizhou, Guangxi, Yunnan, Ha Giang Province
Native speakers	(1,220 cited 1987)
Language family	Kra–Dai Kra Ge–Chi Gelao Telue; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	giw
Glottolog	whit1267
ELP	White Gelao

Telue (pinyin transcription: Duoluo 多罗; Tolo) or White Gelao is a Gelao language spoken in China and Vietnam.

Dialects

The primary dialectal areas where Telue (White Gelao) is still spoken are:

Guizhou, China (in Liuzhi Special District): Judu 居都
Guangxi, China (in Longlin County): Moji 磨基 (also spoken in Wantao 湾桃)
Yunnan, China (in Malipo County): Yueliangwan 月亮湾 (also spoken in Fengyan 峰岩 and Laozhai 老寨)
Vietnam (in Hà Giang Province)

Phonology

Duoluo has many uvular and prenasalized consonants.

Consonants

		Labial			Dental/ Alveolar		(Alveolo-) palatal	Velar			Uvular	Glottal
		plain	pal.	lat.	plain	pal.	(Alveolo-) palatal	plain	pal.	lab.	Uvular	Glottal
Stop	voiceless	p	pʲ	pˡ	t	tʲ		k	kʲ	kʷ	q	ʔ
	aspirated	pʰ	pʲʰ	pˡʰ	tʰ	tʲʰ		kʰ	kʲʰ	kʷʰ	qʰ
	voiced	b	bʲ	bˡ	d	dʲ		ɡ
Affricate	voiceless				ts		tɕ
	aspirated				tsʰ		(tɕʰ)
	voiced				dz		dʑ
Fricative	voiceless	f			s		ɕ					h
Fricative	voiced	v			z			ɣ
Nasal	voiceless	m̥			n̥		ɲ̟̊	ŋ̊
Nasal	voiced	m	mʲ	mˡ	n		ɲ̟	ŋ
Lateral	fricative				ɬ
	glide				l	lʲ						ˀl
	labial				lʷ
Approximant							j			(w)		ˀj

The sound of the affricates /ts, tsʰ, dz/ are frequently close to interdental affricate sounds [tθ, tθʰ, dð].
The pronunciation of /j/ can sometimes be close to an alveolo-palatal fricative [ʑ], though may not be heard as clearly. This is likewise true for the preglottalized palatal /ˀj/, which may be interpreted as [ˀʑ].
/ŋ/ can also form a syllabic nasal [ŋ̍].
Sounds /tɕʰ, w/ mainly appear in modern Chinese loanwords.

Vowels

	Front		Central	Back
Close	i	y		ɯ	u
Mid	e		ə	o
Open	a			ɑ
Syllabic			ɹ̩

/ɹ̩/ only is heard after dental/alveolar fricatives and affricates only, /i/ is never heard in this position.
/ə/ and /ɯ/ are typically free variants of each other. When used as a single vowel, it is commonly heard as [ɯ], but when followed by a back vowel /ɯ, u/ it is pronounced as [ə].

Tones

White Gelao of Yueliangwan, Yunnan has 4 tones.

Tone	Value	Example	Meaning
1	55	ʔm̩55	Water
2	33	gɯ33	wrap, surround
3	35	səŋ35	Two
4	21	ko21h̃uŋ55	Door

 White Gelao of Niupo, Guizhou has 4 tones.

Value	Example	Meaning
55	mlɯ55	harvest
33	pu33liɯ31	Fish
35	pla35	Blood
31	mlaŋ31	Oil, grease

References

↑ Telue at Ethnologue (24th ed., 2021)
↑ Zhang Jimin 张済民. 1993. Gelao yu yan jiu 仡佬语研究 (A study of Gelao). Guiyang, China: Guizhou People's Press 贵州民族出版社.
↑ Zhou Guoyan 周国炎. 2004. Gelao zu mu yu sheng tai yan jiu 仡佬族母語生态硏究 (Studies on the linguistic ecology of the Gelao people). Beijing: Ethnic Publishing House 民族出版社.
↑ Li Jinfang [李锦芳]. 2006. Studies on endangered languages in the Southwest China [西南地区濒危语言调查研究]. Beijing: Minzu University [中央民族大学出版社].
↑ Li, Jinfang 李锦芳 (2019). Guizhou Liuzhi Gelaoyu 贵州六枝仡佬语. Beijing: The Commercial Press. OCLC 1112270585.
↑ Samarina, Irina Vladimirovna [Самарина, Ирина Владимировна]. 2011. The Gelao language: materials for a Kadai comparative dictionary [Языки гэлао: материалы к сопоставительному словарю кадайских языко]. Moscow: Academia. ISBN 9785874443917
↑ Edmondson, Jerold A. "Kra or Kadai languages" (PDF). Ling.uta.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-15. Retrieved 2013-11-30.
1 2 3 Zhuo, Guoyan (2000). The phonology system of Judu Gelao language (PDF). The Fifth International Symposium on Languages and Linguistics: Hochiminh City: Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City University.
↑ Ni 1990, p.217.
↑ Taken from Ni 1990, p.214-217.
↑ Ni 1990, p. 209.
↑ Taken from Ni 1990, pp. 206-208.

[e24-1] Telue at Ethnologue (24th ed., 2021)

[2] Zhang Jimin 张済民. 1993. Gelao yu yan jiu 仡佬语研究 (A study of Gelao). Guiyang, China: Guizhou People's Press 贵州民族出版社.

[3] Zhou Guoyan 周国炎. 2004. Gelao zu mu yu sheng tai yan jiu 仡佬族母語生态硏究 (Studies on the linguistic ecology of the Gelao people). Beijing: Ethnic Publishing House 民族出版社.

[4] Li Jinfang [李锦芳]. 2006. Studies on endangered languages in the Southwest China [西南地区濒危语言调查研究]. Beijing: Minzu University [中央民族大学出版社].

[5] Li, Jinfang 李锦芳 (2019). Guizhou Liuzhi Gelaoyu 贵州六枝仡佬语. Beijing: The Commercial Press. OCLC 1112270585.

[6] Samarina, Irina Vladimirovna [Самарина, Ирина Владимировна]. 2011. The Gelao language: materials for a Kadai comparative dictionary [Языки гэлао: материалы к сопоставительному словарю кадайских языко]. Moscow: Academia. ISBN 9785874443917

[krac-7] Edmondson, Jerold A. "Kra or Kadai languages" (PDF). Ling.uta.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-15. Retrieved 2013-11-30.

[:0-8] 1 2 3 Zhuo, Guoyan (2000). The phonology system of Judu Gelao language (PDF). The Fifth International Symposium on Languages and Linguistics: Hochiminh City: Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City University.

[9] Ni 1990, p.217.

[10] Taken from Ni 1990, p.214-217.

[11] Ni 1990, p. 209.

[12] Taken from Ni 1990, pp. 206-208.