Ibibio language

Ibibio (Standardized Ibibio: Ùsèm Ìbìbìò) is the native language of the Ibibio people of Nigeria, belonging to the Ibibio-Efik dialect cluster of the Cross River languages also known as Ibibioid in the Niger-Congo language family. The name Ibibio is sometimes used for the entire dialect cluster. In pre-colonial times, the Ibibio used Nsibidi ideograms, as did the Igbo, Efik, Anaang, and Ejagham. Ibibio has influenced Afro-American diasporic languages. For example, the AAVE word buckra and Afro-Cuban abakua come from the Ibibio word mbakara.

Geographic distribution

The Ibibio people are found in the South-South region of Nigeria in Akwa Ibom State,^{[clarification needed]} Cross River State, and Eastern Abia State (Arochukwu and Ukwa East LGAs). Ibibio communities in Opobo Nkoro and Oyigbo LGA's of Rivers State are largely unknown.

Some Ibibios are also found in other neighboring countries (western Cameroon, Bioko — central Guinea, and Ghana).

Phonology

Vowels

Ibibio vowel phonemes

	Front	Back
	unrounded	unrounded	rounded
Close	i		u
Mid	e	ʌ	o
Open	a		ɔ

• /i, u/ are phonetically near-close [ɪ, ʊ].
• /e, ʌ, o/ are phonetically true-mid; /ʌ/ is also strongly centralized: [e̞, ʌ̝̈, o̞].
• /a, ɔ/ are phonetically near-open; /a/ is central rather than front: [ɐ, ɔ̞].

Between consonants, /i, u, o/ have allophones that are transcribed [ɪ, ʉ, ə], respectively. At least in case of [ɪ, ə], the realization is probably somewhat different (e.g. close-mid [e, ɘ]), because the default IPA values of the symbols [ɪ, ə] are very similar to the normal realizations of the Ibibio vowels /i, ʌ/. Similarly, [ʉ] may actually be near-close [ʉ̞], rather than close [ʉ].

In some dialects (e.g. Ibiono), /ɪ, ʉ, ə/ occur as phonemes distinct from /i, u, o/.

Orthography

An earlier version of the alphabet used ⟨ñ⟩ for ⟨n̄⟩.

Grammar

Ibibio a tonal language with Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) word order, rich pronoun markers, and complex verb conjugations for tense/aspect.

Ibibio Subject, Object, Possession, and Morphemes

Ibibio uses an array of equivalent coordinators for NP/DP coordination.

These are, however, illicit when coordinating verbs and larger verbal constructions. Instead, nyʌ́ŋ (and) is used, which surfaces to the left of the main verb in the second conjunct.

Single Tense Test

Serial verb constructions (SVCs) (e.g., nyʌ́ŋ) maximally contain a single tense marker. This property is seen in Ibibio.

Single Negation Test

SVCs commonly allow for only one instance of negation (Hiraiwa & Bodomo 2008), and this holds for Ibibio, as well. In Ibibio, negation scopes over V1 and V2, but only V1 gets negated (Major 2015). Below are 3 different intended ways of saying "Eno didn't arise" using negation.

Numerals

Ibibio cardinal and ordinal numbers from zero to ten:

Base System

The Ibibio language uses a unique base-20 system for number up to 100

If the number isn't divisible by 20 or can have 15 added to the base number (ex. 35 - Edíp mme Èfịd [20 +15]), then the number will be built off the base-20 system (ex. 34 - Edíp mme Dúòp ye/mme Ínàañ)

Ibibio names

Ibibio names are traditionally significant, often carrying deep meanings and cultural relevance. These names are typically given for various reasons, including the circumstances of birth, family history, and the spiritual or moral qualities parents hope to impart to their children. Below are some notable Ibibio names and their meanings.

Family Positions:

• Akpan: "First son"
• Udo: "Second son"
• Etukudo: "Third son"
• Udọsen: "Fourth son"
• Adiaha/Adiaba: "First daughter"
• Ññwa: "Second daughter"
• Ete: "Father"
• Eka: "Mother"
• Eka- Ete- /eka: eka-ete (mother of father/paternal grandmother) ete-ete (father of father/paternal grandfather)
• Ekam: Grandmother (general)
• Etebom: Grandfather (general)
• Eyen/Ayin- eka Owoden: Brother
• Eyen/Ayin -eka Owowan: Sister
• Ebe: Husand
• Anwan: Wife
• Eyin Eyen Eka - Niece/Nephew
• Eyin ette/eka - Step brother/sister
• Eyeyin - Grand child

More familiar names can be built on common root words. (e.g. eyin-eka/ayin-eka ekam [child of mother (sibling) of grandmother (general) = grand-uncle/aunty]).

Common names:

• Idoreyin: "Hope"
• Ukeme: "Ability"
• Ayanime: "Long-lasting patience"
• Itohowo: "Not of human"
• Imoh: "Rich, wealthy"
• Abasiakan: "God forbid"
• Abasi-akara: "God is in control"
• Mmedăra: "I rejoice"
• Utomobong: "the handiwork of God"/ "God's work"
• Ekom: "Thanksgiving"
• Bāk Abàsi: "Fear God"
• Idaraobong: "God's Joy"
• Idọñesid/Idongesit: "Comfort"
• Itooro/Itoro: "Praise"
• Mfon - Grace
• Mfoniso - Favour
• Mbọdidem/Mboutidem: "Faith"
• Uduak-Abasi: "God's Will"
• Edikan - Victory
• Nsikak-Abasi: What is hard for God?
• Toiyo-Abasi - "Remember God"
• Inemesit - "Happiness"

Proverbs

The following Ibibio proverbs with English translations come from The Sayings of the Wise: Ibibio Proverbs and Idioms by Anietie Akpabio, published in 1899.

• "Ekpo ufɔk ɔkɔbɔ owo." "Trouble often begins at home."
• "Eto keet isikabake akai." "One tree does not make a forest."
• "Ikpat eka unen isiwotdo nditɔ." "A hen's feet cannot kill the chickens (i.e. the mother's actions are never meant to be harmful to the children)."
• "Ekpo atua ekpo". "One who mocks another may hide their own troubles."
• "Idop, idop ewa, enye ata ɔkpɔ unam." "It is a quiet dog that eats the fattest bone."
• "Ofum ese ekpep eto unek." "The wind teaches the tree how to dance (i.e. someone's action that generates good will in another person)."

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

Ibibio language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

• Ibibio kasahorow – language resources, including dictionary, books and proverbs.
• Bachmann's Master Thesis, Paper, Presentation
• BOSS-IBB documentation v0.1-r4
• ELAR Documentation of Dirge songs among the Urban people [Efik, Ibibio]
• ELAR Documentation of documenting drums and drum language in Ibibio traditional ceremonies