Voiced labiodental approximant

Voiced labiodental approximant
Voiced labiodental approximant
ʋ
IPA number	150
Audio sample
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Encoding
Entity (decimal)	ʋ
Unicode (hex)	U+028B
X-SAMPA	P or v\
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A voiced labiodental approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is something between an English /w/ and /v/, pronounced with the teeth and lips held in the position used to articulate the letter V. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʋ⟩, a letter v with a leftward hook protruding from the upper right of the letter. In some sources, this letter indicates a bilabial approximant, though this is more accurately transcribed with an advanced diacritic, ⟨ʋ̟⟩.

A labiodental approximant is the typical realization of /v/ in the Indian South African variety of English. As the voiceless /f/ is also realized as an approximant [ʋ̥], it is also an example of a language contrasting voiceless and voiced labiodental approximants.

Features

Features of a voiced labiodental approximant:

Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
Its place of articulation is labiodental, which means it is articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth.
Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the median–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most speech sounds.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Äiwoo		nyiveli	[ɲiʋeli]	'garden land'
Armenian	Eastern	ոսկի	[ʋɔski]	'gold'
Assyrian		ܗܘܐ / hawa	[hɑːʋɑ]	'wind'	Predominant in the Urmia dialects. For some speakers, [v] is used. Corresponds to [w] in the other varieties.
Catalan	Balearic	fava	[ˈfäʋə]	'bean'	Allophone of /v/. See Catalan phonology
Catalan	Valencian	fava	[ˈfäʋɐ]	'bean'	Allophone of /v/. See Catalan phonology
Chinese	Mandarin	為为 / wèi	[we̞i] [ʋêi]	'for'	Prevalent in northern dialects. Corresponds to /w/ in other varieties. See Mandarin Phonology
Chuvash		аван	[aʋ'an]	'good, well'	Corresponds to /w/ in other varieties.
Dhivehi		ވަޅު / valhu	[ʋaɭu]	'well' (noun)	See Dhivehi Phonology
Danish	Standard	véd	[ʋe̝ːˀð̠˕ˠ]	'know(s)'	Realization of the phoneme /v/; may also be realized as [ʊ̯]. See Danish phonology
Dutch	Standard	wang	[ʋɑŋ]^ⓘ	'cheek'	Realised as bilabial in southern european dialects [β̞]. See Dutch phonology
English	Indian	vine	[ʋaɪ̯n]	'vine'	Corresponds to a fricative [v] in other accents.
English	Some Cockney speakers	rine	[ʋaɪ̯n]	'rine'	Mostly idiosyncratic but somewhat dialectal (especially in London and South East England). See English phonology and R-labialization
Faroese		røða	[ˈɹøːʋa]	'speech'	Word-initial and intervocalic allophone of /v/. In the first case, it is in a free variation with a fricative [v]. See Faroese phonology
Finnish		vauva	[ˈʋɑu̯ʋɑ]	'baby'	See Finnish phonology
German	Swiss	was	[ʋas]	'what'	Corresponds to /v/ in Standard German.
Guaraní		avañe'ẽ	[ʔãʋ̃ãɲẽˈʔẽ]	'Guaraní language'	Contrasts with /w/ and /ɰ/
Hawaiian		wikiwiki	[ʋikiʋiki]	'fast'	May also be realized as [w] or [v]. See Hawaiian phonology
Hindustani	Hindi	वाला	[ʋɑːlɑː]	(the) 'one'	May also be realized as [w] or [v]. See Hindustani phonology.
Hindustani	Urdu	والا	[ʋɑːlɑː]	(the) 'one'
Italian	Some speakers	raro	[ˈʋäːʋo]	'rare'	Rendition alternative to the standard Italian alveolar trill [r], due to individual orthoepic defects and/or regional variations that make the alternative sound more prevalent, notably in South Tyrol (among the Italian-speaking minority), Val d'Aosta (bordering with France) and in parts of the Parma province, more markedly around Fidenza. Other alternative sounds may be a uvular trill [ʀ] or a voiced uvular fricative [ʁ]. See Italian phonology.
Icelandic		lofa	[lo̝͡ɔ(ː)ʋä]^ⓘ	'intr. to promise/ tr. to praise'	Weakly articulated, traditionally described as a fricative /v/ (which it is in free variation with). See Icelandic phonology
Lao		ວີ / wi	[ʋíː]	'hand fan'	May also be realized as [w]. See Lao phonology.
Khmer		អាវុធ / avŭth	[ʔɑːʋut]	'weapon'	See Khmer phonology
Malayalam		വല/vala	[ʋɐlɐ]	'net'	See Malayalam phonology
Marathi		वजन	[ʋə(d)zən]	'weight'	See Marathi phonology
Miyako		[ʋ̩tɑ]		'thick'	May be syllabic.
Norwegian	Urban East	[a] verbo	[ˈʋæ̀ɾbǒ]^ⓘ	'verb's principal parts'	Sometimes realized as a fricative [v]. See Norwegian phonology
Nsenga		ŵanthu	[ʋaⁿtʰu]	'people'
Punjabi	Gurmukhi	ਵਾਲ	[ʋäːl]	'hair'	Also an allophone of /v/ and /w/.
Punjabi	Shahmukhi	وال	[ʋäːl]	'hair'	Also an allophone of /v/ and /w/.
Russian		вода	[ʋʷɐ'dä]^ⓘ	'water'	Common realization of /v/; contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian		ветар / vetar	[ˈʋɛ́tɐ̀r]^ⓘ	'wind'	/v/ is a phonetic fricative, although it has less frication than /f/. However, it does not interact with unvoiced consonants in clusters as a fricative would, and so is considered to be phonologically a sonorant (approximant). See Serbo-Croatian Phonology
Shona		vanhu	[ʋan̤u]	'people'	Contrasts with /v/ and /w/.
Sinhala		වතුර	[ʋat̪urə]	'water'
Slovak		vietor	[ˈʋi̯e̞tɔr]^ⓘ	'wind'	Usual realization of /v/. See Slovak phonology
Slovene		veter	[ˈʋéːt̪ə̀ɾ]	'wind'	Also described as fricative [v]. See Slovene phonology
Spanish	Chilean	hablar	[äʋˈläɾ]	'to speak'	Allophone of /b/. See Spanish phonology
Swedish	Some speakers	valvet	[ˈʋal̪ˑ˨˥˩ʋɛt̪]^ⓘ	'the vault'	See Swedish phonology
Tamil		வாய்	[ʋɑːj]	'mouth'	See Tamil phonology
Telugu		వల	[ʋala]	'net'
Ukrainian		Барвінкове	[bɐɾˈʋʲinko̞βe̞]^ⓘ	'Barvinkove'	Possible prevocalic realization of /w/, most commonly before /i/. See Ukrainian phonology
West Frisian		wêr	[ʋɛːr]	'where'	See West Frisian phonology

References

↑ Ladefoged, Peter (1968). A Phonetic Study of West African Languages: An Auditory-instrumental Survey (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 26. ISBN 9780521069632.
↑ Mathangwane, Joyce Thambole Mogatse (1996). Phonetics and Phonology of Ikalanga: A Diachronic and Synchronic Study (Thesis). Berkeley: University of California. p. 79.
1 2 Mesthrie (2004:960)
↑ Næss, Åshild (2017). A short dictionary of Äiwoo. Vol. A-PL 35. Canberra: Asia-Pacific Linguistics. hdl:1885/112469. ISBN 978-1-922185-37-2. OCLC 970690673.
↑ Dum-Tragut (2009:20)
1 2 Saborit Vilar (2009:52)
↑ Basbøll (2005:62)
↑ Basbøll (2005:27, 66)
↑ Foulkes & Docherty (1999:?)
1 2 Árnason (2011:115)
↑ Schmid, Stephan (2010). "Segmental features of Swiss German ethnolects". In Calamai, Silvia; Celata, Chiara; Ciucci, Luca (eds.). Proceedings of the Workshop "Sociophonetics, at the crossroads of speech variation, processing and communication". Edizioni della Normale. pp. 69–72. ISBN 978-88-7642-434-2. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
1 2 Canepari (1999), pp. 98–101.
1 2 Árnason 2011, p. 106.
↑ Helgason (1991), p. ?, cited in Árnason (2011), p. 108
↑ Pellard, Thomas (19 January 2009). Why it is important to study the Ryukyuan languages: The example of Õgami Ryukyuan (PDF) (Speech). Oxford. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2015.
↑ Kristoffersen (2000:22 and 25)
1 2 Vanvik (1979:41)
↑ Kristoffersen (2000:74)
1 2 Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:223)
↑ Morén (2005:5–6)
↑ Brown, Wayles; Alt, Theresa (2004). "A Handbook of Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian". SEELRC. Duke University.
1 2 Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:374)
↑ Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999:136)
↑ Priestley (2002:394)
↑ Greenberg (2006:18)
↑ Sadowsky, Scott (2010). "El alófono labiodental sonoro [v] del fonema /b/ en el castellano de Concepción (Chile): Una investigación exploratoria" (PDF). Estudios de Fonética Experimental. XIX: 231–261. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2018.
1 2 Žovtobrjux & Kulyk (1965:121–122)

Bibliography

Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0199229314
Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
Canepari, Luciano (1999) [1992], Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana [Handbook of Italian Pronunciation] (in Italian) (2 ed.), Bologna: Zanichelli, ISBN 88-08-24624-8
Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
Foulkes, Paul; Docherty, Gerard J., eds. (1999), Urban Voices, Arnold
Greenberg, Mark L. (2006), A Short Reference Grammar of Standard Slovene, Kansas: University of Kansas
Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010), "Slovak" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (3): 373–378, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162
Helgason, Pétur (1991), On Coarticulation and Connected Speech Processes in Icelandic (MA thesis), University of Reading
Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
Mesthrie, Rajend (2004), "Indian South African English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 953–963, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
Morén, Bruce (2005), Consonant-Vowel Interactions in Serbian: Features, Representations and Constraint Interactions (PDF), Center for Advanced Study of Theoretical Linguistics, Tromsø, archived from the original (PDF) on 4 May 2015
Priestley, T.M.S. (2002), "Slovene", in Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville. G. (eds.), The Slavonic Languages, London: Routledge, pp. 388–451, ISBN 0-415-28078-8
Saborit Vilar, Josep (2009), Millorem la pronúncia, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua
Šuštaršič, Rastislav; Komar, Smiljana; Petek, Bojan (1999), "Slovene", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 135–139, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, ISBN 0-521-65236-7, S2CID 249404451
Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015), "Russian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (2): 221–228, doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395
Žovtobrjux, M.A.; Kulyk, B.M. (1965), Kurs sučasnoji ukrajins'koji literaturnoji movy. Častyna I., Kiev: Radjans’ka škola

External links

List of languages with [ʋ] on PHOIBLE

[1] Ladefoged, Peter (1968). A Phonetic Study of West African Languages: An Auditory-instrumental Survey (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 26. ISBN 9780521069632.

[2] Mathangwane, Joyce Thambole Mogatse (1996). Phonetics and Phonology of Ikalanga: A Diachronic and Synchronic Study (Thesis). Berkeley: University of California. p. 79.

[mesthrie-3] 1 2 Mesthrie (2004:960)

[4] Næss, Åshild (2017). A short dictionary of Äiwoo. Vol. A-PL 35. Canberra: Asia-Pacific Linguistics. hdl:1885/112469. ISBN 978-1-922185-37-2. OCLC 970690673.

[5] Dum-Tragut (2009:20)

[saborit-6] 1 2 Saborit Vilar (2009:52)

[7] Basbøll (2005:62)

[8] Basbøll (2005:27, 66)

[9] Foulkes & Docherty (1999:?)

[arn115-10] 1 2 Árnason (2011:115)

[11] Schmid, Stephan (2010). "Segmental features of Swiss German ethnolects". In Calamai, Silvia; Celata, Chiara; Ciucci, Luca (eds.). Proceedings of the Workshop "Sociophonetics, at the crossroads of speech variation, processing and communication". Edizioni della Normale. pp. 69–72. ISBN 978-88-7642-434-2. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2015.

[FOOTNOTECanepari199998–101-12] 1 2 Canepari (1999), pp. 98–101.

[FOOTNOTEÁrnason2011106-13] 1 2 Árnason 2011, p. 106.

[14] Helgason (1991), p. ?, cited in Árnason (2011), p. 108

[15] Pellard, Thomas (19 January 2009). Why it is important to study the Ryukyuan languages: The example of Õgami Ryukyuan (PDF) (Speech). Oxford. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2015.

[16] Kristoffersen (2000:22 and 25)

[van41-17] 1 2 Vanvik (1979:41)

[18] Kristoffersen (2000:74)

[yb-19] 1 2 Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:223)

[Moren-20] Morén (2005:5–6)

[Brown-21] Brown, Wayles; Alt, Theresa (2004). "A Handbook of Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian". SEELRC. Duke University.

[hh374-22] 1 2 Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:374)

[23] Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999:136)

[24] Priestley (2002:394)

[25] Greenberg (2006:18)

[26] Sadowsky, Scott (2010). "El alófono labiodental sonoro [v] del fonema /b/ en el castellano de Concepción (Chile): Una investigación exploratoria" (PDF). Estudios de Fonética Experimental. XIX: 231–261. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2018.

[zk-27] 1 2 Žovtobrjux & Kulyk (1965:121–122)