Marker vaccine

A marker vaccine is a vaccine which allows for immunological differentiation of infected from vaccinated recipients. In veterinary medicine, it is also referred to a DIVA vaccine or a SIVA vaccine, referring to the differentiation (or segregation) of infected from vaccinated animals. In practical terms, this is most often achieved by omitting an immunogenic antigen present in the pathogen being vaccinated against, thus creating a negative marker of vaccination. In contrast, vaccination with traditional vaccines containing the complete pathogen, either attenuated or inactivated, precludes the use of serology (e.g. analysis of specific antibodies in body fluids) in epidemiological surveys in vaccinated populations.[citation needed]

Apart from the obvious advantage of allowing continued serological monitoring of vaccinated individuals, cohorts or populations; the serological difference between vaccinated individuals and individuals that were exposed to the pathogen, and were contagious, can be used to continuously monitor the efficacy and safety of the vaccine.

The DIVA strategy has been applied in various countries to successfully eradicate pseudorabies virus from those countries. Swine populations were intensively vaccinated and monitored by the companion diagnostic test and, subsequently, the infected pigs were removed from the population. Bovine herpesvirus 1 DIVA vaccines are also widely used in practice.[citation needed]

Examples

Approved

In trial

Unknown

References

  1. ↑ van Oirschot, J. T.; Rziha, H. J.; Moonen, P. J.; Pol, J. M.; van Zaane, D. (July 1986). "Differentiation of serum antibodies from pigs vaccinated or infected with Aujeszky's disease virus by a competitive enzyme immunoassay". The Journal of General Virology. 67 (6): 1179–1182. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-67-6-1179. ISSN 0022-1317. PMID 3011974.
  2. ↑ Blodörn, Krister; Hägglund, Sara; Fix, Jenna; Dubuquoy, Catherine; Makabi-Panzu, Boby; Thom, Michelle; Karlsson, Per; Roque, Jean-Louis; Karlstam, Erika; Pringle, John; Eléouët, Jean-François; Riffault, Sabine; Taylor, Geraldine; Valarcher, Jean François (2014). "Vaccine Safety and Efficacy Evaluation of a Recombinant Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV) with Deletion of the SH Gene and Subunit Vaccines Based On Recombinant Human RSV Proteins: N-nanorings, P and M2-1, in Calves with Maternal Antibodies". PLOS ONE. 9 (6): –100392. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j0392B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100392. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4063758. PMID 24945377.
  3. ↑ van Oirschot JT (August 1999). "Diva vaccines that reduce virus transmission". Journal of Biotechnology. 73 (2–3): 195–205. doi:10.1016/S0168-1656(99)00121-2. PMID 10486928.
  4. ↑ van Oirschot JT, Gielkens AL, Moormann RJ, Berns AJ (June 1990). "Marker vaccines, virus protein-specific antibody assays and the control of Aujeszky's disease". Veterinary Microbiology. 23 (1–4): 85–101. doi:10.1016/0378-1135(90)90139-M. PMID 2169682.
  5. ↑ Kaashoek MJ, Moerman A, Madić J, Rijsewijk FA, Quak J, Gielkens AL, van Oirschot JT (April 1994). "A conventionally attenuated glycoprotein E-negative strain of bovine herpesvirus type 1 is an efficacious and safe vaccine". Vaccine. 12 (5): 439–444. doi:10.1016/0264-410X(94)90122-8. PMID 8023552.
  6. ↑ Petrini, S; Iscaro, C; Righi, C (2 January 2019). "Antibody Responses to Bovine Alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) in Passively Immunized Calves". Viruses. 11 (1): 23. doi:10.3390/v11010023. PMC 6356344. PMID 30609738.
  7. ↑ Jones, Gareth J.; Konold, Timm; Hurley, Shellene; Holder, Tom; Steinbach, Sabine; Coad, Mick; Neil Wedlock, D.; Buddle, Bryce M.; Singh, Mahavir; Martin Vordermeier, H. (14 July 2022). "Test performance data demonstrates utility of a cattle DIVA skin test reagent (DST-F) compatible with BCG vaccination". Scientific Reports. 12 (1) 12052. Bibcode:2022NatSR..1212052J. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-16092-8. PMC 9283413. PMID 35835806.
  8. ↑ Hulst MM, Westra DF, Wensvoort G, Moormann RJ (September 1993). "Glycoprotein E1 of hog cholera virus expressed in insect cells protects swine from hog cholera". Journal of Virology. 67 (9): 5435–5442. doi:10.1128/JVI.67.9.5435-5442.1993. PMC 237945. PMID 8350404.
  9. ↑ Capua I, Terregino C, Cattoli G, Mutinelli F, Rodriguez JF (February 2003). "Development of a DIVA (Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals) strategy using a vaccine containing a heterologous neuraminidase for the control of avian influenza". Avian Pathology. 32 (1): 47–55. doi:10.1080/0307945021000070714. PMID 12745380. S2CID 22827454.
  10. ↑ Maas A, Meens J, Baltes N, Hennig-Pauka I, Gerlach GF (November 2006). "Development of a DIVA subunit vaccine against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection". Vaccine. 24 (49–50): 7226–7237. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.06.047. PMID 17027123.
  11. ↑ Leyman B, Boyen F, Van Parys A, Verbrugghe E, Haesebrouck F, Pasmans F (May 2011). "Salmonella Typhimurium LPS mutations for use in vaccines allowing differentiation of infected and vaccinated pigs". Vaccine. 29 (20): 3679–3685. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.03.004. hdl:1854/LU-1201519. PMID 21419163. Archived from the original on 28 October 2017.