The border region has historically existed at the edge of various Indian and Nepali kingdoms. It took its modern shape during the period of British India which began in the 17th century. While the Gorkhalis fought the Kirati people to annex their territory in the late 18th century (notably in 1768), the Gorkha Kingdom launched an expansion drive, bringing them into conflict with the British and resulting in the Anglo-Nepalese War (1814–16). The Kingdom of Nepal was defeated and was forced to sign the Treaty of Sugauli by the British East India Company (EIC), while ceding large areas of land to Britain, effectively creating the modern India-Nepal boundary. Finding the Terai region difficult to manage, the British returned parts of it to Nepal in 1816.
The western boundary and the Byans region
Before the Gorkha conquest of Kumaon in 1791, the Byans region — including the villages of Chhangru and Tinkar east of the Kali River — formed part of Kumaon rather than of the Doti Kingdom.
Following the Treaty of Sugauli, the Nepali governor Bam Shah claimed the villages lying east of the Kali. The British conceded Chhangru and Tinkar but rejected his further claim to Kuti and Nabhi, which would have required treating the Kuthi Yankti — the larger, western headwater — as the main stream of the Kali. The zamindars of Byans petitioned against the separation, stating that six villages remaining on the British side were entirely dependent on the agricultural production of Chhangru and Tinkar.
The Byansi communities on either side of the boundary have maintained cross-border ties, including shared landholding and a common system of five mukhiyas spanning both countries.
India gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1947, and three years later it signed a friendship treaty with Nepal, by which both countries agreed to respect the territorial integrity of the other. Since then relations have largely been cordial, though a number of border disputes remain. There have also been occasional blockades on the border at times of tension, for example in 1987 and 2015.
Communities living in India and Nepal close to the Indo-Nepal border have usually shared old, customary ties of kinship and resource access with communities across the border, such as along the western part of the Indo-Nepal border, in the Mahakali valley.
India 
Nepal
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