Mac OS 9

Mac OS 9 is the ninth and final major release of the classic Mac OS operating system for Macintosh computers, made by Apple Computer. Introduced on October 23, 1999, it was promoted by Apple as "The Best Internet Operating System Ever", highlighting Sherlock 2’s Internet search capabilities, integration with Apple's free online services known as iTools and improved Open Transport networking.

While Mac OS 9 lacks protected memory and full pre-emptive multitasking, lasting improvements include the introduction of an automated Software Update engine and support for multiple users. It was succeeded by Mac OS X 10.0 in 2001, the first version of the Mac OS X (now macOS) family of operating systems.

Apple discontinued development of Mac OS 9 in late 2001, transitioning all future development to Mac OS X. The final updates to Mac OS 9 addressed compatibility issues with Mac OS X while running in the Classic Environment and compatibility with Carbon applications. At the 2002 Worldwide Developers Conference, Steve Jobs began his keynote address by staging a mock funeral for OS 9.

Features

Apple billed Mac OS 9 as including "50 new features" and heavily marketed its Sherlock 2 software, which introduced a "channels" feature for searching different online resources and introduced a QuickTime-like metallic appearance. Mac OS 9 also featured integrated support for Apple's suite of Internet services known as iTools (later re-branded as .Mac, then MobileMe, which was replaced by iCloud) and included improved TCP/IP functionality with Open Transport 2.5.

Other features new to Mac OS 9 include:

Integrated support for multiple user accounts without using At Ease.
Support for voice login through VoicePrint passwords.
Keychain, a feature allowing users to save passwords and textual data encrypted in protected keychains.
A Software Update control panel for automatic download and installation of Apple system software updates.
A redesigned Sound control panel and support for USB audio.
Speakable Items 2.0, also known as PlainTalk, featuring improved speech synthesis and recognition along with AppleScript integration.
Improved font management through FontSync.
Remote Access Personal Server 3.5, including support for TCP/IP clients over Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP).
An updated version of AppleScript with support for TCP/IP.
Personal File Sharing over TCP/IP.
USB Printer Sharing, a control panel allowing certain USB printers to be shared across a TCP/IP network.
128-bit file encryption in the Finder.
Support for files larger than 2 GB.
Unix volume support.
CD Burning in the Finder (introduced in Mac OS 9.1).
Addition of a "Window" menu to the Finder (introduced in Mac OS 9.1)

Mac OS 9 and the Classic Environment

PowerPC versions of Mac OS X prior to 10.5 Leopard include a compatibility layer called Classic, enabling users to run applications and hardware requiring Mac OS 9 from within OS X. This is achieved through running Mac OS 9 without access to its Finder inside OS X. This requires Mac OS 9 to be installed on the machine, even though most Macs that can run the Classic environment are not necessarily able to boot into Mac OS 9 natively. Some Mac OS 9 applications do not run well in Classic; they demonstrate screen redraw problems and lagging performance. In addition, some drivers and other software which directly interact with the hardware fail to work properly.

In May 2002, at Apple's Worldwide Developers Conference in San Jose, California, Steve Jobs, accompanied by a coffin, held a mock funeral to announce that Apple had stopped the development of Mac OS 9. The final version of Mac OS 9 and the "classic" Mac OS was Mac OS 9.2.2, released in December 2001.

In June 2005, Jobs announced that the Macintosh platform would be transitioning to Intel x86 microprocessors. Developer documentation of the Rosetta PowerPC emulation layer revealed that applications written for Mac OS 8 or 9 would not run on x86-based Macs. The Classic Environment remains in the PowerPC version of 10.4 Tiger; however, x86 versions of OS X and the PowerPC version of 10.5 Leopard do not support the Classic environment.

Mac OS 9 can be emulated by using SheepShaver, a PowerPC emulator available on multiple operating systems. It can be run on any machine with a supported CPU platform, including Intel-based Macs. Initially, it required an actual PowerPC processor present in the machine it was running on similar to a hypervisor, but support for x86 platforms was added at a later date. SheepShaver cannot run Mac OS versions newer than 9.0.4, however, as it does not have support for a memory management unit. The PearPC PowerPC emulator does not support Mac OS 9. QEMU has experimental support for running Mac OS 9 using PowerPC G4 emulation.

Mac OS 9 and other Mac computers

Beginning in January 2002, Mac OS X has been set as the default operating system for all Macs produced from that point forward beginning with 10.1.2, displacing Mac OS 9. Despite this, Mac OS 9 continued to be preinstalled on some Macs (especially for Macs equipped with a PowerPC G4 processor) even as late as 2004, despite having its development stopped in late 2001. These Macs, despite coming with Mac OS X by default, also had Mac OS 9 preinstalled alongside the former to allow one to boot into Mac OS 9 natively if the user chooses to do so, and allows the ability to run Classic Mac OS applications natively without resorting to the Classic environment in Mac OS X. Most G4 Macs made prior to 2003 had both operating systems preinstalled alongside each other in a dual-boot configuration (with Mac OS X being selected as the default option), where they can be accessed via a boot menu accessible upon startup.

During this period, Macs such as the 867 MHz—1.25 GHz "Mirrored Drive Doors" Power Mac G4 and the 867 MHz—1 GHz "Antimony" titanium PowerBook G4 ("TiBook") were released in August 2002 and November 2002 respectively. The "Antimony" titanium PowerBook G4 in particular was the last PowerBook model that came with Mac OS 9 preinstalled alongside Mac OS X, as later models only came with Mac OS X. While these models of Macs and PowerBooks have G4 processors with faster clock speeds of up to 1.25 GHz and 1 GHz respectively on some models (with some Power Mac G4 models even having dual G4 processors as well), they were able to boot into Mac OS 9 natively without any issues.

The majority of Macs released in 2003 onwards only came preinstalled with Mac OS X and are incapable of booting into Mac OS 9. Most G4 Macs released during this period that have a 1 GHz or higher processor never had their "Mac OS ROM" boot files updated to allow those Macs to officially boot into Mac OS 9 natively outside of the Classic environment. Macs equipped with a PowerPC G5 processor are unable to boot into Mac OS 9 natively because support for PowerPC G5 processors is absent on Mac OS 9 (Mac OS 9 only supports G3 and G4 processors as of Mac OS 9.2.2). The only options for running Mac OS 9 (and therefore Classic Mac OS applications) on G5 Macs is the Classic environment in Mac OS X as well as other emulation software such as SheepShaver.

The last Macs released that had Mac OS 9 preinstalled was a rerelease of the 2002 "Mirrored Drive Doors" Power Mac G4 in June 2003, which was launched around the same time as the Power Mac G5 due to a perceived demand for Mac OS 9 machines. This model ended up as being one of the last Mac models overall to officially boot into Mac OS 9, making the Power Mac G4 series the last Macintosh computer to come preinstalled with Mac OS 9 after the introduction of Mac OS X. Production of this model was discontinued in June 2004, a year after its rerelease, which was three years after Mac OS 9 stopped development in late 2001 and two years after Mac OS X displaced Mac OS 9 as the default operating system in early 2002.

In recent years, unofficial patches have been made for Mac OS 9 and the "Mac OS ROM" to allow unsupported G4 Macs to boot into Mac OS 9 natively; this practice is not officially supported by Apple.

Other uses

Aside from Apple-branded hardware which can be maintained and operated, Mac OS 9 can also be operated in other environments such as Windows and Unix. This includes emulation software such as the aforementioned SheepShaver. While it does provide PowerPC processor support, especially on Intel-based Macs, it can only run up to Mac OS 9.0.4 because it does not emulate a memory management unit. QEMU is another piece of software that has PowerPC emulation and is able to run all versions of Mac OS 9 up to Mac OS 9.2.2.

Version history

Updates to Mac OS 9 include 9.0.4, 9.1, 9.2.1, and 9.2.2. Mac OS 9.0.4 was a collection of bug fixes primarily relating to USB and FireWire support. Mac OS 9.1 included integrated CD burning support in the Macintosh Finder and added a new Window menu in the Finder for switching between open windows. Mac OS 9.2 increased performance noticeably and improved Classic Environment support.

Compatibility

¹Some newest G3 and most G4 Macs can only run at least Mac OS 9.1, and some only run at least Mac OS 9.2. This is because the late development of G3 Macs and the mid-development of G4 Macs was during the development of Mac OS 9 and only the versions the G4 Macs support were designed to be compatible with those G4 Macs.
¹Some newest G4 and all G5 Macs can only run at least Mac OS 9.2, and can only run its compatible versions of Mac OS 9 in OS X's Classic Environment because the "Mac OS ROM" was never updated to allow those Macs, which were developed during the OS X era, to directly boot it (but probably continued to run in userspace, with the restriction that it would only run at least Mac OS 9.2, so it was still supported in the Classic Environment).
¹Although Mac OS 9.2 to 9.2.2 officially requires a G3 processor as a minimum, certain second generation Power Macs can be made to run it using a third party program called "OS9 Helper", which allows for such benefits like support for the latest ATI classic Mac OS drivers, full iPod compatibility, and the ability to run DVD Studio Pro 1.5 or 1.2.1 and Final Cut Pro 3, among other things.

References

External links

Mac OS 9 - Technical Note TN1176 at the Wayback Machine (archived March 30, 2009) from Apple
Mac OS 9.0.4 - Technical Note TN1194 at the Wayback Machine (archived February 23, 2004) from Apple
Mac OS 9.1 - Technical Note TN2010 at the Wayback Machine (archived April 4, 2004) from Apple
iMac Firmware Update at the Wayback Machine (archived March 3, 2008) from Apple