List of Polish mathematicians

A list of notable Polish mathematicians:

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by editing the page to add missing items, with references to reliable sources.
Name Image Born Died
Bruno Abakanowicz Edit this on Wikidata6 Oct 1852
Ukmergė		29 Aug 1900
Paris
Kazimierz Abramowicz Edit this on Wikidata1889
Brzeziny		1936
Poznań
Andrzej Alexiewicz Edit this on Wikidata11 Feb 1917
Lviv		11 Jul 1995
Poznań
Krzysztof R. Apt Edit this on Wikidata1949
Katowice
Nachman Aronszajn Edit this on Wikidata26 Jul 1907
Warsaw		5 Feb 1980
Corvallis
Tytus Babczyński Edit this on Wikidata1830
Warsaw		1910
Stefan Banach Edit this on Wikidata30 Mar 1892
Kraków		31 Aug 1945
Lviv
Tadeusz Banachiewicz Edit this on Wikidata13 Feb 1882
Warsaw		17 Nov 1954
Kraków
Feliks Barański Edit this on Wikidata18 May 1915
Lviv		10 Feb 2006
Kraków
Kazimierz Bartel Edit this on Wikidata3 Mar 1882
Lviv		26 Jul 1941
Lviv
Tomek Bartoszyński Edit this on Wikidata16 May 1957
Warsaw
Andrzej Białynicki-Birula Edit this on Wikidata26 Dec 1935
Navahrudak		19 Apr 2021
Mieczysław Biernacki Edit this on Wikidata30 Mar 1891
Lublin		21 Nov 1959
Lublin
Karol Borsuk Edit this on Wikidata8 May 1905
Warsaw		24 Jan 1982
Warsaw
Jerzy Browkin Edit this on Wikidata5 Nov 1934
Lukiv		23 Nov 2015
Warsaw
Jan Brożek Edit this on Wikidata1 Nov 1585
Kurzelów		21 Nov 1652
Bronowice Małe, Kraków
Albert Brudzewski Edit this on Wikidata1445
Kalisz, Brudzew		1497
Vilnius
Leon Chwistek Edit this on Wikidata13 Jun 1884
Kraków		20 Aug 1944
Barvikha, Barvikha
Zbigniew Ciesielski Edit this on Wikidata1 Oct 1934
Gdańsk		5 Oct 2020
Sopot
Kazimierz Cwojdziński Edit this on Wikidata8 Jan 1878
Plewiska		12 Aug 1948
Poznań
Adam Danielewicz Edit this on Wikidata23 Dec 1846
Koźminek		25 Jun 1935
Warsaw
Ryszard Engelking Edit this on Wikidata16 Nov 1935
Sosnowiec		16 Nov 2023
Warsaw
Tadeusz Figiel Edit this on Wikidata2 Jul 1948
Gdańsk		8 Sep 2025
Gdańsk
Urszula Forys Edit this on Wikidata1965
Kajetan Garbiński Edit this on Wikidata7 Aug 1796
Warsaw		6 May 1847
Warsaw
Stanisław Gołąb Edit this on Wikidata26 Jul 1902
Travnik		30 Apr 1980
Kraków
Stanisław Grzepski Edit this on Wikidata1524, 15241570
Kraków
Edward Jan Habich Edit this on Wikidata31 Jan 1835
Warsaw		31 Oct 1909
Lima
Witold Hurewicz Edit this on Wikidata29 Jun 1904
Łódź		6 Sep 1956
Mérida
Henryk Iwaniec Edit this on Wikidata9 Oct 1947
Elbląg
Tadeusz Iwaniec Edit this on Wikidata9 Oct 1947
Elbląg
Zygmunt Janiszewski Edit this on Wikidata12 Jun 1888
Warsaw		3 Jan 1920
Lviv
Stanisław Jaśkowski Edit this on Wikidata22 Apr 1906
Warsaw		16 Nov 1965
Warsaw
Mark Kac Edit this on Wikidata3 Aug 1914
Kremenets		25 Oct 1984
Los Angeles
Stefan Kaczmarz Edit this on Wikidata20 Mar 1895
Sambir		Sep 1939
Poland
Andrzej Kapiszewski Edit this on Wikidata8 Sep 1948
Kraków		5 May 2007
Kraków
Marek Karpinski Edit this on Wikidata25 Mar 1948
Dawid Kielak Edit this on Wikidata
Bronisław Knaster Edit this on Wikidata22 May 1893
Warsaw		3 Nov 1980
Wrocław
Adam Adamandy Kochański Edit this on Wikidata5 Aug 1631
Dobrzyń nad Wisłą		17 May 1700
Teplice
Sławomir Kołodziej Edit this on Wikidata12 Mar 1961
Bielsko-Biała
Stanisław Krajewski Edit this on Wikidata1950
Warsaw
Anna Zofia Krygowska Edit this on Wikidata19 Sep 1904
Lviv		16 May 1988
Kraków
Zdzisław Krygowski Edit this on Wikidata22 Dec 1872
Lviv		10 Aug 1955
Poznań
Adrian Krzyżanowski Edit this on Wikidata8 Sep 1788
Dębowo		25 Aug 1852
Warsaw
Marek Kuczma Edit this on Wikidata10 Oct 1935
Katowice		13 Jun 1991
Katowice
Krystyna Kuperberg Edit this on Wikidata17 Jul 1944
Tarnów
Włodzimierz Kuperberg Edit this on Wikidata19 Jan 1941
Kazimierz Kuratowski Edit this on Wikidata2 Feb 1896
Warsaw		18 Jun 1980
Warsaw
Irena Lasiecka Edit this on Wikidata4 Feb 1948
Warsaw
Franciszek Leja Edit this on Wikidata27 Jan 1885
Grodzisko Górne		11 Oct 1979
Kraków
Mariusz Lemańczyk Edit this on Wikidata3 Feb 1958
Toruń
Stanisław Leśniewski Edit this on Wikidata30 Mar 1886
Serpukhov		13 May 1939
Warsaw
Marta Lewicka Edit this on Wikidata23 Nov 1972
Gdańsk
Izabella Łaba Edit this on Wikidata1966
Stanisław Łojasiewicz Edit this on Wikidata9 Oct 1926
Warsaw		14 Nov 2002
Italy
Jerzy Łoś Edit this on Wikidata22 Mar 1920
Lviv		1 Jun 1998
Warsaw
Tomasz Łuczak Edit this on Wikidata13 Mar 1963
Poznań
Jan Łukasiewicz Edit this on Wikidata21 Dec 1878
Lviv		13 Feb 1956
Dublin
Zbigniew Marciniak Edit this on Wikidata9 Apr 1952
Warsaw
Józef Marcinkiewicz Edit this on Wikidata30 Mar 1910
Cimoszka		1940
Kharkiv
Edward Marczewski Edit this on Wikidata15 Nov 1907
Warsaw		17 Oct 1976
Wrocław
Stefan Mazurkiewicz Edit this on Wikidata25 Sep 1888
Warsaw		19 Jun 1945
Grodzisk Mazowiecki
Jan Mikusiński Edit this on Wikidata3 Apr 1913
Ivano-Frankivsk		27 Jul 1987
Katowice
Witold Milewski Edit this on Wikidata1817
Poznań		1889
Poznań
Michał Misiurewicz Edit this on Wikidata9 Nov 1948
Warsaw
Andrzej Mostowski Edit this on Wikidata1 Nov 1913
Lviv		22 Aug 1975
Vancouver
Jan Mycielski Edit this on Wikidata7 Feb 1932
Wiśniowa		18 Jan 2025
Boulder
Edward Neuman Edit this on Wikidata19 Sep 1943
Rydułtowy
Jerzy Neyman Edit this on Wikidata16 Apr 1894
Bender		5 Aug 1981
Oakland
Otto M. Nikodym Edit this on Wikidata13 Aug 1887
Zabolotiv		4 May 1974
Utica
Andrzej S. Nowak Edit this on Wikidata29 Oct 1952
Żagań
Andrew M. Odlyzko Edit this on Wikidata23 Jul 1949
Tarnów
Czesław Olech Edit this on Wikidata22 May 1931
Pińczów		1 Jul 2015
Warsaw
Janusz Onyszkiewicz Edit this on Wikidata18 Dec 1937
Lviv
Władysław Orlicz Edit this on Wikidata24 May 1903
Okocim		9 Aug 1990
Poznań
Zdzisław Pawlak Edit this on Wikidata10 Nov 1926
Łódź		7 Apr 2006
Warsaw
Marcin Odlanicki Poczobutt Edit this on Wikidata30 Oct 1728
Salomienka		8 Feb 1810
Daugavpils
Emil Leon Post Edit this on Wikidata11 Feb 1897
Augustów		21 Apr 1954
New York City
Przemysław Prusinkiewicz Edit this on Wikidata25 Jan 1952
Józef Przytycki Edit this on Wikidata14 Oct 1953
Warsaw
Stanisław Radziszowski Edit this on Wikidata7 Jun 1953
Gdańsk
Maksym Radziwill Edit this on Wikidata24 Feb 1988
Moscow
Aleksander Rajchman Edit this on Wikidata13 Nov 1890
Warsaw		7 Jun 1940
Sachsenhausen concentration camp
Jan Rajewski Edit this on Wikidata14 May 18571906
Lviv
Marian Rejewski Edit this on Wikidata16 Aug 1905
Bydgoszcz		13 Feb 1980
Warsaw
Helena Rasiowa Edit this on Wikidata20 Jun 1917
Vienna		9 Aug 1994
Warsaw
Jerzy Różycki Edit this on Wikidata24 Jul 1909
Vilshana		9 Jan 1942
Mediterranean Sea
Jan Rusinek Edit this on Wikidata2 Dec 1950
Kraków
Andrzej Piotr Ruszczyński Edit this on Wikidata29 Jul 1951
Częstochowa
Czesław Ryll-Nardzewski Edit this on Wikidata7 Oct 1926
Vilnius		18 Sep 2015
Wrocław
Stanisław Saks Edit this on Wikidata30 Dec 1897
Kalisz		23 Nov 1942
Warsaw
Wojciech Samotij Edit this on Wikidata1983
Wrocław
Juliusz Paweł Schauder Edit this on Wikidata21 Sep 1899
Lviv		Sep 1943
Lviv
Marcin Schroeder Edit this on Wikidata10 Jan 1953
Wrocław
Wacław Sierpiński Edit this on Wikidata14 Mar 1882
Warsaw		21 Oct 1969
Warsaw
Roman Sikorski Edit this on Wikidata11 Jul 1920
Mszczonów		12 Sep 1983
Warsaw
Zdzisław Skupień Edit this on Wikidata27 Nov 1938
Świlcza		1 Jan 2025
Agata Smoktunowicz Edit this on Wikidata12 Oct 1973
Warsaw
Joachim Stegmann Edit this on Wikidata1595
Neuruppin		1633
Cluj-Napoca
Hugo Steinhaus Edit this on Wikidata14 Jan 1887
Jasło		25 Feb 1972
Wrocław
Włodzimierz Stożek Edit this on Wikidata23 Jul 1883
Velyki Mosty		4 Jul 1941
Lviv
Zofia Szmydt Edit this on Wikidata29 Jul 1923
Warsaw		26 Nov 2010
Warsaw
Edyta Szymańska Edit this on Wikidata8 Dec 197018 Mar 2015
Władysław Ślebodziński Edit this on Wikidata6 Feb 1884
Pysznica		3 Jan 1972
Wrocław
Jan Śniadecki Edit this on Wikidata29 Aug 1756
Żnin		9 Nov 1830, 21 Nov 1830
Jašiūnai
Alfred Tarski Edit this on Wikidata14 Jan 1901
Warsaw		26 Oct 1983
Berkeley
Nicole Tomczak-Jaegermann Edit this on Wikidata8 Jun 1945
Paris		17 Jun 2022
Edmonton
Andrzej Trybulec Edit this on Wikidata29 Jan 1941
Kraków		11 Sep 2013
Białystok
Stanisław Trybuła Edit this on Wikidata2 Jan 1932
Rafalivka		7 Jan 2008
Wrocław
Stanisław Ulam Edit this on Wikidata13 Apr 1909
Lviv		13 May 1984
Santa Fe
Kazimierz Urbanik Edit this on Wikidata5 Feb 1930
Kremenets		29 May 2005
Wrocław
Arnold Walfisz Edit this on Wikidata2 Jul 1892
Warsaw		29 May 1962
Tbilisi
Mieczysław Warmus Edit this on Wikidata1 Jun 191820 Sep 2007
Australia
Tadeusz Ważewski Edit this on Wikidata24 Sep 1896
Horishnia Vyhnanka		5 Sep 1972
Rabka-Zdrój
Jan Węglarz Edit this on Wikidata1947
Poznań
Witold Wilkosz Edit this on Wikidata14 Aug 1891
Kraków		31 Mar 1941
Kraków
Vitello Edit this on Wikidata12301275
Abbaye de Vicogne
Józef Maria Hoene-Wroński Edit this on Wikidata23 Aug 1776
Wolsztyn		9 Aug 1853
Paris
Ignacy Zaborowski Edit this on Wikidata2 Nov 175410 Jan 1803
Warsaw
Władysław Zajączkowski Edit this on Wikidata12 Apr 1837
Strzyżów		8 Oct 1898, 7 Oct 1898
Lviv
Kazimierz Zarankiewicz Edit this on Wikidata2 May 1902
Częstochowa		5 Sep 1959
London
Stanisław Zaremba Edit this on Wikidata3 Oct 1863
Romanivka		23 Nov 1942
Kraków
Stanisław Krystyn Zaremba Edit this on Wikidata15 Aug 1903
Kraków		14 Jan 1990
Aberystwyth
Olgierd Zienkiewicz Edit this on Wikidata18 May 1921
Caterham		2 Jan 2009
Swansea
Maciej Zworski Edit this on Wikidata8 Oct 1963
Wrocław
Henryk Zygalski Edit this on Wikidata15 Jul 1908
Poznań		30 Aug 1978
Liss
Antoni Zygmund Edit this on Wikidata26 Dec 1900
Warsaw		30 May 1992
Chicago
Teofil Żebrawski Edit this on Wikidata5 Apr 1800
Wojnicz		5 Feb 1887
Kraków
Wiesław Żelazko Edit this on Wikidata16 Feb 1933
Łódź		6 Nov 2025
Kazimierz Żórawski Edit this on Wikidata22 Jun 1866
Szczurzyn		23 Jan 1953
Warsaw
Wawrzyniec Żmurko Edit this on Wikidata10 Jul 1824
Yavoriv		3 Apr 1889
Lviv

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 NUKAT, Wikidata Q11789729
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 MAK (in Polish), Wikidata Q105192847
  3. 1 2 O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Andrzej Alexiewicz", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 SNAC, Wikidata Q29861311
  5. 1 2 O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Stefan Banach", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Brockhaus Enzyklopädie (in German), F. A. Brockhaus AG, OL 19088695W, Wikidata Q237227
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Большая советская энциклопедия: [в 30 т.] (in Russian) (3rd ed.), Moscow: The Great Russian Encyclopedia, 1969, OCLC 14476314, Wikidata Q17378135
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  10. 1 2 Czech National Authority Database, Wikidata Q13550863
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  12. 1 2 O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Kazimierz Bartel", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
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  19. 1 2 BnF 121193882
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  27. 1 2 3 4 CERL Thesaurus, Consortium of European Research Libraries, Wikidata Q60909659
  28. 1 2 Bibliografie dějin Českých zemí (in Czech), Wikidata Q63411600
  29. 1 2 BnF 12347779p
  30. 1 2 3 O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Witold Hurewicz", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
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  32. ↑ https://books.google.cat/books?id=hB73AwAAQBAJ
  33. ↑ https://www.shawprize.org/prizes-and-laureates/mathematical-sciences/2015/autobiography-of-henryk-iwaniec
  34. 1 2 O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Zygmunt Janiszewski", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
  35. ↑ https://books.google.cat/books?id=4siw31DPONUC
  36. ↑ BnF 12371385p
  37. 1 2 O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Mark Kac", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
  38. 1 2 Biografisch Portaal, Wikidata Q1868372
  39. 1 2 Catalogus Professorum Academiae Rheno-Traiectinae, Wikidata Q23825128
  40. ↑ Leidse Hoogleraren (in Dutch), Wikidata Q23667505
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  43. 1 2 O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Stefan Kaczmarz", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
  44. ↑ International Standard Name Identifier, Wikidata Q423048
  45. ↑ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Bronisław Knaster", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
  46. ↑ AlKindi, Wikidata Q101207543
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  48. 1 2 O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Zdzisław Krygowski", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
  49. 1 2 https://kapica.org.pl/adrian-krzyzanowski-1788-1852/
  50. 1 2 http://tnk.krakow.pl/czlonkowie/krzyzanowski-adrian/
  51. 1 2 O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Marek Kuczma", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
  52. ↑ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Krystyna Kuperberg", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
  53. ↑ BnF 145464913
  54. 1 2 BnF 122984371
  55. 1 2 O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Kazimierz Kuratowski", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
  56. 1 2 O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Stanisław Leśniewski", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
  57. 1 2 3 4 Encyclopædia Britannica, Wikidata Q5375741
  58. 1 2 BnF 123550366
  59. 1 2 3 O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Jerzy Łoś", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
  60. 1 2 BnF 16007839x
  61. 1 2 O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Jan Łukasiewicz", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
  62. 1 2 3 4 Internet Philosophy Ontology project, Wikidata Q6023365
  63. 1 2 3 O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Józef Marcinkiewicz", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
  64. 1 2 LIBRIS, 1.0, National Library of Sweden, Wikidata Q1798125
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  67. 1 2 O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Edward Marczewski", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
  68. 1 2 BnF 11208126j
  69. 1 2 3 O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Stefan Mazurkiewicz", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
  70. 1 2 3 O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Jan Mikusiński", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
  71. 1 2 BnF 128598754
  72. 1 2 O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Andrzej Mostowski", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
  73. 1 2 https://www.dailycamera.com/obituaries/jan-mycielski/
  74. 1 2 BnF 122994614
  75. 1 2 O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Jerzy Neyman", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
  76. 1 2 O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Otto M. Nikodym", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
  77. 1 2 3 4 5 6 group of authors, Internetowa encyklopedia PWN (in Polish), Wikidata Q4041526
  78. 1 2 http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Olech.html
  79. 1 2 3 O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Czesław Olech", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
  80. 1 2 BnF 121641917
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  82. 1 2 3 4 O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Władysław Orlicz", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
  83. 1 2 O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Zdzisław Pawlak", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
  84. ↑ https://www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl/a/biografia/marcin-poczobut-1728-1810-jezuita-astronom-rektor-wiesz
  85. 1 2 3 4 http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Post.html
  86. 1 2 O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Emil Leon Post", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
  87. ↑ Library of Congress Authorities, Library of Congress, Wikidata Q13219454
  88. ↑ https://ltu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1203827
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  90. ↑ http://marianrejewski.pl/wp/biografia/
  91. 1 2 O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Marian Rejewski", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
  92. 1 2 BnF 12859886s
  93. 1 2 O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Helena Rasiowa", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
  94. 1 2 O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Stanisław Saks", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
  95. 1 2 BnF 12859954f
  96. ↑ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Juliusz Paweł Schauder", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
  97. ↑ Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija Online (in Lithuanian), Wikidata Q76499581
  98. ↑ BnF 12280524t
  99. ↑ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Wacław Sierpiński", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
  100. ↑ BnF 12158114j
  101. 1 2 O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Roman Sikorski", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
  102. 1 2 BnF 120783537
  103. ↑ Post-Reformation Digital Library, Wikidata Q7233488
  104. 1 2 O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Hugo Steinhaus", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
  105. 1 2 3 various authors, Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950 (in German), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Wikidata Q25666
  106. 1 2 Auschwitz Prisoners Database, Wikidata Q106652007
  107. ↑ http://math.uni.wroc.pl/~s266522/slebodzinski.html
  108. ↑ BnF 123726267
  109. ↑ http://tnk.krakow.pl/czlonkowie/sniadecki-jan/
  110. ↑ "Sniadecki, Johann". Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich (in German). 35: 211. 1856. Wikidata Q90646598.
  111. 1 2 BnF 120345968
  112. 1 2 O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Alfred Tarski", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
  113. ↑ https://history.computer.org/pioneers/tarski.html
  114. ↑ http://texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb4d5nb20m&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=div00159&toc.depth=1&toc.id=
  115. ↑ https://www.ptm.org.pl/zawartosc/zmar%C5%82-nicole-tomczak-jaegermann-1945-2022
  116. ↑ https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/Ulam-Stanislaw-Marcin;3991045.html
  117. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/biography/Stanislaw-Ulam
  118. ↑ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Stanisław Ulam", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
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  120. 1 2 3 O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Arnold Walfisz", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
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