Senna bicapsularis

Senna bicapsularis
Secure
Secure (NatureServe)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Caesalpinioideae
Genus: Senna
Species:
S. bicapsularis
Binomial name
Senna bicapsularis
Synonyms

Numerous, see text

Senna bicapsularis is a species of the legume genus Senna, native to northern South America, from Panama south to Venezuela and Colombia, and also the West Indies. Common names include rambling senna (formerly "cassia"), winter cassia, Christmas bush, money bush, and yellow candlewood. In Florida, Senna pendula is usually cultivated as, and misapplied to, S. bicapsularis.

Description

It is a semi-evergreen shrub growing to 3.5 m tall with a low spreading crown that reproduces by seed. It can grow from 2 – 12 metres tall and it branches from near the base.

The leaves are 2.5–9 cm long, pinnate, with six to eight leaflets; the leaflets are 1.6–4.5 cm long and 1.1–2.3 cm broad. The yellow flowers are produced in masses with a few together on short racemes and 12–16 mm long. The plant flowers from autumn to winter, attracting bees and butterflies.

Senna bicapsularis is distinguished from Senna pendula by having 3 pairs of leaflets on each leaf and elongated pedicels (flower stalks), while S. pendula has 4-7 pairs of leaflets on each leaf and a gland between each pair of leaflets, with shorter flower stalks. S. bicapsularis flowers from late fall to winter depending on climate, whilst S. pendula can flower from as early as late summer. Senna pendula can grow very easily from seed, while Senna bicapsularis has a tough seed coat that needs mechanical scarification to sprout with success.

Uses

In the 20th century, the plant may have been used as a traditional medicine to counteract the effects of arthropod stings, and in Mexico, a decoction was intended as a remedy for whooping cough. The seedpod flavour resembles tamarind.

Invasive species

It is naturalised and invasive in several coastal areas in the tropics, including Tanzania, Kenya, the Galápagos Islands and New Caledonia, where it is found in roadsides and disturbed areas, wooded grasslands, fallow land and riparian zones.

Chemistry

The leaves and stems contain chaksinelike alkaloids. The seeds contain galactomannan. The presence in the plant of cassin, 2,6-dialkyl-3-hydroxypyridine and socassidine has also been reported.

Synonyms

Botanical illustration

Senna bicapsularis has been described under a wide variety of names that are today considered its synonyms. Some of these were also applied to related plants in error. This phenomenon has happened with other taxa, which were mis-applied to this plant:

Cassia bicapsularis sensu Bojer is erroneous for Senna pendula.
Cassia bicapsularis of other authors is erroneous for Senna pendula var. glabrata
Cassia aristata Benth. is a synonym of Chamaecrista aristata
Cassia emarginata Clos is a synonym of Senna candolleana
Cassia emarginata Mill. is a synonym of Chamaecrista pilosa
Cassia laevigata Willd. is a synonym of Senna septemtrionalis
Cassia laevigata of other authors is erroneous for Senna occidentalis

Footnotes

  1. ↑ USDA (2007)
  2. 1 2 3 PIER (2006)
  3. ↑ Christmas Cassia Causes Confusion Archived 2021-11-30 at the Wayback Machine By Marc Frank, University of Florida
  4. ↑ Senna bicapsularis Institute for Systematic Botany, University of South Florida, Tampa.
  5. ↑ Christmas Senna (Senna bicapsularis) by The National Gardening Association.
  6. ↑ CASSIA BICAPSULARIS floridagardener.com
  7. ↑ Martínez, Maximino (1944). Las plantas medicinales de México (in Spanish) (3rd ed.). México: Ediciones Botas. pp. 356, 396. Retrieved 2026-09-11.
  8. ↑ Morton, Julia F (1981). Atlas of Medicinal Plants of Middle America: Bahamas to Yucatan. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas. pp. 316–317. ISBN 9780398040369. LCCN 80-13503.
  9. ↑ Henderson, L. (2001). Alien weeds and invasive plants. A complete guide to declared weeds and invaders in South Africa. Plant Protection Research Institute Handbook No. 12, 300pp. PPR, ARC South Africa.
  10. ↑ ILDIS (2005)

References