Replaceability argument

The replaceability argument, or the logic of the larder, is a philosophical argument that has been used to reject vegetarianism. It holds that consuming nonhuman animal products is good for animals because if they were not consumed, fewer animals would be brought into existence. The argument has particularly been engaged with within the context of utilitarianism.

In 1789, the utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham endorsed a variant of the argument, contending that painlessly killing a nonhuman animal is beneficial for everyone because it does not harm the animal and the consumers of the meat produced from the animal's body are better off as a result.

In 1895, David George Ritchie used the argument in response to the assertions advanced for vegetarianism by Henry S. Salt in Animals' Rights (1892). Ritchie stated: "If all the world were Jews, it has been well said, there would be no pigs in existence; and if all the world were vegetarians, would there be any sheep or cattle, well cared for, and guarded against starvation?" In 1896, Leslie Stephen described the "argument for humanity" as the weakest argument for vegetarianism and echoed Ritchie's argument, stating: "The pig has a stronger interest than anyone in the demand for bacon."

Salt responded to both authors in an 1896 article titled "The Philosopher and the Pig", labelling their argument as fallacious because it is based on a reference to "another existence" when it actually concerns "this existence". He then asserted that it cannot be demonstrated that it is an "advantage to the Pig to be born". In 1914, Salt published The Humanities of Diet, again engaging with the argument, which he termed the "logic of the larder". He described it as "the very negation of a true reverence for life; for it implies that the real lover of animals is he whose larder is fullest of them", and stated:

In Animal Liberation, published in 1975, the utilitarian philosopher Peter Singer agreed with Salt's view. Singer later changed his view while writing Practical Ethics, after being influenced by Derek Parfit's engagement with "impersonal wrongs" and the nonidentity problem. In her 2013 book Killing Happy Animals, Tatjana Višak engages with the argument within the context of utilitarianism. She ultimately rejects it, asserting that being brought into existence is not beneficial for these beings.

• Antinatalism
• Ethics of eating meat

In humans:

• Deprivation argument, that being born is inherently advantageous to unborn children, as part of the philosophical aspects of the abortion debate
• Every Sperm Is Sacred, a satire about taking the deprivation argument to its extreme of using no contraception

• John, Tyler M.; Sebo, Jeff (17 December 2020), Portmore, Douglas W. (ed.), "Consequentialism and Nonhuman Animals", The Oxford Handbook of Consequentialism, Oxford University Press, pp. 563–591, doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190905323.013.32, ISBN 978-0-19-090532-3, retrieved 9 March 2021
• Dombrowski, Daniel; The Center for Process Studies (2001). "The Replaceability Argument". Process Studies. 30 (1): 22–35. doi:10.5840/process200130112. ISSN 0360-6503. S2CID 170500961.