Pacific Motorway (Sydney–Newcastle)

Early planning

Planning for a freeway began in 1952, with the aim of providing a high-speed replacement for a section of Pacific Highway that had been built in 1925–30 which was struggling to cope with the increased traffic. It was planned that the freeway would connect to the freeway systems being proposed for both Sydney and Newcastle, providing a city-to-city freeway link.

The route between Mount White and Kariong was originally planned to be further south than the route as built, with an easier crossing of Mooney Mooney Creek. By the time that construction on this section was to begin, resistance from the NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service to the proposed route forced the Department of Main Roads to take a route through Calga, using part of the first stage of a proposed freeway route to Singleton which had been built in the 1960s. That scheme has never been further developed.

The route through the northern part of the Central Coast also changed; instead of passing east of Wyong along the western edge of the Tuggerah Lakes, development in that area forced the freeway to be moved to the west of Wyong, with link roads being constructed to meet Pacific Highway near Doyalson and Tuggerah.

In addition, the freeway was revised to go to the west of Lake Macquarie in the Lower Hunter rather than the east, and thereby bypass Newcastle. One of the reasons for this change of location was the issue of connectivity to Pacific Highway north of Newcastle, as the route of the Newcastle Inner City Bypass, which would have provided a northern extension of the freeway, is problematic in terms of its northern terminus point at Sandgate not easily allowing for a northward freeway-standard route to join to Pacific Highway.

The sections of the Newcastle Inner City Bypass from Pacific Highway at Bennetts Green to Kotara and from Jesmond to Sandgate have since been constructed, while the original freeway route between Belmont and Bennetts Green and then northward to Pacific Highway at Merewether Heights is still reserved from development, with the possibility that it could be constructed in the future.

Extension to Raymond Terrace

Originally part of the upgrade of Pacific Highway but built as a separate project, the Pacific Motorway was extended from Beresfield to Raymond Terrace, bypassing a section of the Pacific Highway. This section of John Renshaw Drive and Pacific Highway between these two points was a major bottleneck during holiday and long weekend periods, with delays lasting hours not uncommon. The layout of the twin bridges across the Hunter River at Hexham was designed primarily for local traffic to and from Newcastle, rather than to connect Pacific Highway north of Newcastle to the freeway. The Environment Impact Statement (EIS) of the extension was released in July 2021. Construction formally commenced in January 2024 and it was completed in September 2026.

Construction

The major stages in the construction of the freeway were:

• April 1963 – Construction began on the 7 km (4 mi) section from the Hawkesbury River to Mount White. This was opened as a toll road in December 1965.
• October 1966 – Opening of the Mount White-Calga section (including first section of proposed freeway to link to New England Highway at Singleton).
• December 1968 – Opening of Berowra to Hawkesbury River section as a toll road.
• October 1973 – Completion of the Brooklyn Bridge, thereby connecting the Berowra-Hawkesbury River and Hawkesbury River-Calga sections. At this time the separate tolls for the sections north and south of the Hawkesbury (20 cents for each section) were abolished and a single toll of 50 cents was introduced. This was collected at the Berowra toll booths, and the Mooney Mooney toll booths were removed. The toll was removed in 1990 when the Federal Government adopted a policy that a condition of its direct funding of the national highways was that they were to be toll-free.
• December 1983 – Concurrent opening of the Somersby to Ourimbah and Kangy Angy to Wallarah Creek sections, including the single carriageway motorway link from Wallarah Creek to Pacific Highway at Doyalson (today Doyalson Link Road).
• December 1986 – Opening of the 15 km (9 mi) section between Calga and Somersby including the Mooney Mooney Bridge.
• September 1987 – Freeway completed from Wallarah Creek interchange to Mandalong Road interchange.
• March 1988 – Freeway completed from Mandalong Road interchange to Freemans Waterhole interchange.
• March 1989 – Wahroonga to Berowra section opened
• December 1990 – Section from Freemans Waterhole Interchange to Palmer's Road completed.
• December 1993 – Palmer's Road to Minmi section opened.
• December 1997 – "Missing link" between Ourimbah and Kangy Angy opened.
• November 1998 – Extension opened between Minmi and John Renshaw Drive, Beresfield.
• September 2026 – Opening of extension between Beresfield and Raymond Terrace.

It has also undergone several subsequent upgrades:

• December 2004 – Completion of widening to six lanes of the four-lane sections between the Hawkesbury River and Calga. As part of this work, a new south bound truck weighing station was built at Mount White to replace the facility at Berowra. The station was built on the existing two-lane alignment, and a new three-lane south bound alignment was built for car traffic.
• November 2009 – Completion of widening to six lanes of the four-lane sections between Wahroonga and the Hawkesbury River, resulting in a continuous six lane width over the 43 km (27 mi) from Wahroonga to Kariong. This work was completed in three stages; stage 1 – Cowan to Berowra (3.4 km (2 mi)), completed September 2008, stage 2 – Berowra to Mount Kuring-Gai (4.9 km (3 mi)), completed September 2009) and stage 3 – Mount Kuring-Gai to Mount Colah (4.2 km (3 mi)), completed November 2009.
• August 2013 – road signs were changed to show the new M1 marker and the new name Pacific Motorway as part of a new statewide alpha numeric route scheme.
• March 2019 – Replacement of the roundabout on Pacific Motorway, John Renshaw and Weakleys Drives, with a signalised intersection.
• May 2020 – Completion of widening Pacific Motorway to three lanes in each direction from Kariong to Somersby.
• June 2020 – Completion of widening Pacific Motorway to three lanes in each direction from Tuggerah to Doyalson.

A number of interim F3 Freeway and National Highway 1 sections existed which have since been downgraded to local roads. These sections were used by freeway traffic until bypasses or new alignments were constructed.

• Peats Ridge Road, used between 1966 (opening of Mount White–Calga section) and 1986. The road opened to traffic in 1964 and linked the freeway at Calga with Pacific Highway at Ourimbah until it was bypassed by a more direct alignment. The section between Calga and Peats Ridge was an upgrade of an existing road, while the section from Peats Ridge to Ourimbah was a new grade-separated, two-lane road with long sections of third lane. The section from Somersby to Ourimbah was rebuilt to form part of the freeway and opened in 1983.
• The section of Pacific Highway between Ourimbah Creek Road and 33°19′43″S 151°23′13″E / 33.328478°S 151.386916°E / -33.328478; 151.386916 at Kangy Angy, used between 1955 and 1997. Freeway and Pacific Highway traffic shared this section until it was bypassed in 1997.
• Doyalson Link Road (opened as Motorway Link), used between 1983 and 1988. It was the interim northern end of the freeway and still connects directly to Pacific Highway after the freeway was extended.
• The section of Lenaghans Drive north of Stockrington Road, used 1993 and 1998. It was the interim northern end of the freeway and connected directly to the John Renshaw Drive intersection.

Identity

The passing of the Main Roads Act of 1924 through the Parliament of New South Wales provided for the declaration of Main Roads, roads partially funded by the State government through the Main Roads Board (MRB, later Transport for NSW). With the subsequent passing of the Main Roads (Amendment) Act of 1929 to provide for additional declarations of State Highways and Trunk Roads, the Department of Main Roads (having succeeded the MRB in 1932) declared Sydney-Newcastle Expressway as a motorway (under plan number 6003), on 7 August 1974, and was re-declared to cover each extension until it reached its northern terminus in Beresfield; the motorway today still retains this declaration (under Motorway 6003).

The freeway at one stage carried the Freeway Route 3 (or F3) designation. This route numbering system, introduced in 1973, was to provide distinctive route numbering and signage for freeways in Sydney and the surrounding areas. However, it was quickly replaced by the National Highway 1 designation in 1974. Despite this, it was still often referred to as the F3 Freeway, with this title being used not only colloquially but on state and federal government documents and also some road signs.

With the conversion to the newer alphanumeric system in 2013, National Highway 1 was replaced with route M1, and Sydney-Newcastle Expressway was officially renamed as M1 Pacific Motorway.

The name is used for the F3 Derby, a rivalry between professional soccer teams from Sydney and Newcastle. The men's derby uses a concrete drilling core from the freeway, while the women's derby uses a piece of guard rail.