Tuqa-Timur

Tuqa-Temür (also Toqa-Temür and Toghai-Temür, in the Perso-Arabic orthography of the sources rendered Tūqā-Tīmūr or Tūqāy-Tīmūr) was the thirteenth and youngest or penultimate son of Jochi, the eldest son of Genghis Khan. He was a younger brother of Batu Khan and Berke Khan, the rulers of what came to be known as the Golden Horde.

Career

Tuqa-Timur's mother is identified as Jochi's concubine Kaghri Khatun (Kaghrī Khātūn), a woman from the Merkit tribe. As Jochi's apparently youngest son of standing or significance, Tuqa-Timur was perhaps deemed too young to attend the qurultai for the proclamation and enthronement of the great khan Ögedei in 1229. Instead, Tuqa-Timur remained behind in his father's ulus, apparently governing it during the absence of his older brothers at the assembly. When Batu Khan returned, Tuqa-Timur organized a three-day feast in his honor.

Tuqa-Timur subsequently received an ulus of his own from Batu, somewhere within the Left Wing (i.e., eastern portion) of Batu's possessions, that is to say east of the Ural Mountains and Ural River, and perhaps under the intermediate authority of another brother, Orda. Tuqa-Timur participated in Batu's Western Campaign, but does not seem to have played a very distinguished role in it; he is also credited with a leading role in campaigns against the Bashkirs and Alans. He was among the Jochid princes participating in the qurultai at which the great khan Güyük was formally proclaimed and enthroned, in 1246, Batu having refused to attend. After Batu's quriltai that resulted in the proclamation of Möngke as great khan in 1250, Berke and Tuqa-Timur escorted Möngke to Mongolia with an army, and were generously rewarded by the new great khan for their support. Tuqa-Timur appears to have survived Batu and to have died some time after Berke's accession as khan of the Golden Horde in 1257; it is presumed that he was already dead by 1267, when his son Urung-Timur received lands from the new khan Mengu-Timur. The Mongol prince ("tsarevich") Toktemir, who attacked Tver' in Russia in 1294/1295, is a distinct individual, bearing the same or similar name.

Following the example of his older brother Berke, Tuqa-Timur converted to Islam, sometime after Berke's conversion in 1251–1252. Unlike his brothers Batu, Orda, and Shiban, Tuqa-Timur does not appear to have headed an autonomous and lasting territorial polity, something brought up as a negative comparison in disputes between his descendants and those of Shiban in the late 14th century; the Shibanids argued that this made the Tuqa-Timurids substantially inferior. Some of Tuqa-Timur's descendants appear to have remained in the Left Wing (eastern portion) of the Golden Horde, while others were settled in the Right Wing (western portion) when Khan Mengu-Timur gave the Crimea to Tuqa-Timur's son Urung-Timur.

Family

Rashīd ad-Dīn Faḍlallāh and the genealogical compendium Muʿizz al-ansāb attribute four sons to Tuqa-Timur as follows:

Bāy-Tīmūr
Bāyān
Ūrungbāš or Ūrung-Tīmūr (also Ürüng-Temür, sometimes conflated with Ūz-Tīmūr)
Kay-Tīmūr (also Ked-Temür, elsewhere Ūz-Tīmūr)

Descendants

Apart from his involvement in the affairs of the Golden Horde and his actions as representative of his older brothers, Tuqa-Timur is important as the progenitor of some of the most prolific and historically significant lines of Jochid and Chinggisid descent. From the 1360s, Tuqa-Timur's descendants vied with those of his brother Shiban for possession of the throne of the Golden Horde, starting with the probable Tuqa-Timurid Ordu Malik, who overthrew the Shibanid Timur Khwaja in 1361. A Crimean branch of Tuqa-Timur's descendants furnished the beglerbeg Mamai with a succession of three puppet khans in 1361–1380. Several families descended from Tuqa-Timur ensconced themselves in the former Ulus of Jochi's eldest son Orda in the east, under Qara Noqai in 1360, then Urus Khan in 1369, and finally Tokhtamysh in 1379. The descendants of Urus and Tokhtamysh subsequently disputed possession of the Golden Horde mostly among themselves. Among the successor states of the Golden Horde, the khanates of Kasimov, Kazan, Astrakhan, and the Crimea were all founded by princes descended from Tuqa-Timur. This was also the case with the Kazakh Khanate and, after 1599, the Khanate of Bukhara in Central Asia.

v t e Reigning Descendants of Tuqa-Timur
Tūqā-Tīmūr (d. after 1257), son of Jöchi, son of Chinggis Khān Bāy-Timur Tūqānchar Sāsī Qarā Nūqāy of the Ulus of Orda 1360–1363 Būchqāq Tughluq-Tīmūr of the Ulus of Orda 1363–? Qutluq-Khwāja of the Ulus of Orda 1369 Būrqūlāq Mubārak-Khwāja of the Ulus of Orda ?–1369 , Bāyān Dānishmand Īl-Tūtār Ūrdū-Malik of the Golden Horde 1361, Beg-Tūt Beg-Ṣūfī = ? Beg-Ṣūfī claimant in Crimea 1419–1421 (identification disputed) Sayyid-Aḥmad II claimant in Crimea 1432–1437, Podolia 1433–1452 (d. 1465?) (identification disputed) Ūrung-Tīmūr (Ūrungbāsh, sometimes conflated with Ūz-Tīmūr) Achiq Tāqtaq Tīmūr-Khwāja Bādiq Urūs of the Ulus of Orda 1369–1377, of the Golden Horde 1373, 1374–1375 Qutlū-Būqā of the Ulus of Orda 1374–1375 Tūqtāqiyā of the Ulus of Orda 1377 Beg-Pūlād claimant in Crimea 1391–1392 Anīka-Pūlād Aḥmad Girāy of the Kazakhs 1470–? Burundūq of the Kazakhs ?–1513 Tīmūr-Malik of the Ulus of Orda 1377–1379 Qūyūrchuq of the Golden Horde 1395–1397 Barāq of the Ulus of Orda 1419–1421; of Sibir 1421–1426; of the Golden Horde 1423–1428 Jānī-Beg Abū-Saʿīd of the Kazakhs 1470–after 1490 (the listing of his ruling descendants is selective and incomplete) Qāsim of the Kazakhs 1513–1521 Ḥaqq-Nazar of the Kazakhs 1559–1580 Dīn-Muḥammad (Tīnīm) of Tashkent (d. 1603) Muḥammad (Mamāsh) of the Kazakhs 1521–1522 Adīk Ṭāhir of the Kazakhs 1522–1532 Būydāsh of the Kazakhs 1532–1559 Khwāja-Muḥammad (Qujāsh) Kazakh claimant 1535 Usāq Pūlād Kazakh claimant 1537 Ūsāk Būlākāy Bahādur of the Kazakhs 1652–1680 Aychuwāq Irīsh Khwāja-Sulṭān Abu'l-Khayr Muḥammad of the Kazakh Lesser Jüz 1718–1748 Nūr-ʿAlī of the Kazakh Lesser Jüz 1748–1786, previously 42nd khan of Khwarazm 1742 (d. 1790) Pīr-ʿAlī claimant 1770–1805 Īsh-Muḥammad (Īshīm) of the Kazakh Lesser Jüz 1794–1797 Būkāy of the Kazakh Inner Jüz 1801–1815 Jahāngīr Girāy of the Kazakh Inner Jüz 1823–1845 Ṣāḥib Girāy of the Kazakh Inner Jüz 1845–1847 Shighāy of the Kazakh Inner Jüz 1815–1823 Yār-Muḥammad of the Kazakh Lesser Jüz 1786–1790 Īr-ʿAlī of the Kazakh Lesser Jüz 1791–1794 Būlākāy, 52nd khan of Khwarazm 1770; rival khan of the Kazakh Lesser Jüz 1797–1809 ʿĀdil-Sulṭān Aqīm, 53rd and 57th khan of Khwarazm 1770–1772 and 1773–1774 (d. after 1790) Tugīn Yādigār, 58th, 60th, and 62nd khan of Khwarazm 1774–1775, 1779–1781, and 1783–1790 (d. before 1803) Abū'l-Ghāzī V, 64th and 66th khan of Khwarazm 1802–1804 and 1806 (d. 1815?) Aychuwāq of the Kazakh Lesser Jüz 1797–1805 (d. 1810) Jān-Tūra of the Kazakh Lesser Jüz 1805–1809 Shīr-Ghāzī of the Kazakh Lesser Jüz 1809–1824 (d. 1845) Tūqtāmish Sarī-Aygīr (Mamāy), 38th khan of Khwarazm 1727 Jādik Tūgum Kazakh claimant 1552–1556 Shighāy of the Kazakhs 1580–1582 Andān-Sulṭān Abūlī of Tashkent (d. 1650) Uraz-Muḥammad of Kasimov 1600–1611 Kīchīk-Sulṭān Būkāy Khudāmanda Tursūn I of Tashkent (d.1717) Kīchīk-Sulṭān of the Kazakh Middle Jüz 1748–1750 Sulṭān-Barāq of the Kazakh Middle Jüz 1748–1750 Nūr-ʿAlī II, 50th khan of Khwarazm 1768–1769 Tawakkul (Tawka) of the Kazakhs 1582–1598 Amān-Būlān Bahādur Tursūn II of Tashkent (d. 1720) Yulbārs of Tashkent and the Kazakh Greater Jüz 1720–1740 Īsh-Muḥammad (Īshīm) of the Kazakhs 1598–1613, 1627–1628 Khudābanda Sīrdāq Khusraw Qayʾip of the Kazakhs 1715–1718 Bahādur Jānī-Beg, 39th khan of Khwarazm 1727–1728, rival khan of the Kazakh Lesser Jüz 1748–1771 Qayʾip, 44th khan of Khwarazm 1747–1757, rival khan of the Kazakh Lesser Jüz 1786–1791 Jahāngīr, 51st khan of Khwarazm 1769–1770 ʿAbd-al-ʿAzīz, 54th khan of Khwarazm 1771–1772 (d. 1815?) Abū'l-Fayḍ, 59th khan of Khwarazm 1775–1779 Qarā-Biy (ʿAbd-Allāh), 45th and 56th khan of Khwarazm 1757, 1773 (d. after 1810) Abū'l-Ghāzī IV, 63rd khan of Khwarazm 1790–1802 (d. before 1806) (?) Khudāyār Tawakkul (Ḫudāydād), 47th khan of Khwarazm 1763–1764 Jānī-Beg of the Kazakhs 1628–1644 Jahāngīr of the Kazakhs 1644–1652 Tawakkul-Muḥammad (Tawka) of the Kazakhs 1652–1715 Pūlād of the Kazakhs 1718-1729 Abu'l-Muḥammad of the Kazakh Middle Jüz by 1737–1748, 1750–1771 Shāh-Muḥammad (Sameke) of the Kazakh Middle Jüz 1719–after 1734 (1737?) Walī Abūlī Īsh-Muḥammad (Īshīm), 36th khan of Khwarazm 1714 (?) Jahāngīr of Tashkent (d. after 1717) Walī Abu'l-Manṣūr Abūlī (Ablai) of the Kazakh Middle Jüz 1771–1781 ʿAbdallāh of the Kazakh Middle Jüz 1781–1782 Walī of the Kazakh Middle Jüz 1782–1821 ʿUbaydallāh of the Kazakh Middle Jüz 1821–1824 (d. 1852) Qāsim Kanāshīrīn (Kenesary Kasymov) (died 1847) Sārīcha Kuyunchak Qutluq-Khwāja Tuy-Khwāja Tūqtāmīš of the Ulus of Orda 1379–, of the Golden Horde 1380–1395, 1398, of Sibir 1399–1406Tursūn II of Tashkent (d. 1720) Jalāl ad-Dīn of the Golden Horde 1411–1412 ? Beg-Ṣūfī claimant in Crimea 1419–1421 (identification disputed) Sayyid-Aḥmad II claimant in Crimea 1432–1437, Podolia 1433–1452 (d. 1465?) (identification disputed) Karīm-Bīrdī of the Golden Horde 1409, 1412–1413, 1414–1415 (d. 1417?) Sayyid-Aḥmad I of the Golden Horde 1416 (disputed identification) Kibak of the Golden Horde 1413–1414 Jabbār-Bīrdī of the Golden Horde 1414–1415, 1416–1417 Qādir-Bīrdī of the Golden Horde 1419–1420 Kūchuk-Muḥammad claimant in Crimea 1421 Tūlāk-Tīmūr Janis Tāsh-Tīmūr claimant in Crimea 1395–1396 (d. after 1404) Ghiyāth ad-Dīn I of the Golden Horde 1416 Ḥājjī Girāy I of Crimea 1433–1434, 1443–1444, 1449–1466 Ḥaydar Girāy of Crimea 1456 Nūr-Dawlat Girāy of Crimea 1466–1467, 1474–1475, 1476–1478; of Kasimov 1486–1490 (d. 1503) Satīlghan Girāy of Kasimov 1490–1506 Jānay Girāy of Kasimov 1506–1512 Manglī Girāy I of Crimea 1467–1474, 1475–1476, 1478–1514 Muḥammad Girāy I of Crimea 1514–1523 Ghāzī Girāy I of Crimea 1523–1524 Bahādur Girāy of Astrakhan 1523 Saʿādat Girāy I of Crimea 1524–1531 (d. 1539) Islām Girāy I of Astrakhan 1531–1532; of Crimea 1532 (d. 1537) Ṣāḥib Girāy I of Kazan 1521–1524; of Crimea 1532–1551 Maḥmūd Girāy Ṣafāʾ Girāy of Kazan 1524–1531, 1533–1546, 1546–1549 Ūtamīš Girāy of Kazan 1549–1551 Mubārak Girāy Dawlat Girāy I of Crimea 1551–1577 (d. 1720) Muḥammad Girāy II of Crimea 1577–1584 Saʿādat Girāy II of Crimea 1584 (d. 1587) Muḥammad Girāy III of Crimea 1610, 1623–1624, 1624–1627 (d. 1629) Islām Girāy II of Crimea 1584, 1584–1588 Ghāzī Girāy II of Crimea 1588–1596, 1596–1608 Tūqtāmīš Girāy of Crimea 1608 ʿInāyat Girāy of Crimea 1635–1637 Fatḥ Girāy I of Crimea 1596 Dawlat Girāy ʿĀdil Girāy of Crimea 1666–1671 Salāmat Girāy I of Crimea 1608–1610 Bahādur Girāy I of Crimea 1637–1641 Salīm Girāy I of Crimea 1671–1678, 1684–1691, 1692–1699, 1702–1704 Dawlat Girāy II of Crimea 1688–1702, 1708–1713 (d. 1725) Fatḥ Girāy II of Crimea 1736–1737 (d. 1746) Salīm Girāy III of Crimea 1764–1767, 1770–1771 (d. 1786) Arslān Girāy of Crimea 1748–1756, 1767 Dawlat Girāy IV of Crimea 1769–1770, 1775–1777 (d. 1781) Salīm Girāy Salīm Girāy Azamat Girāy Qādir Girāy (d. 1953) Azamat Girāy (d. 2001) Qādir Girāy (b. 1961) Shāhbāz Girāy of Bujaq 1787–1789 (d. 1793) Qīrīm Girāy of Crimea 1758–1764, 1768–1769 Bakht Girāy of Bujaq 1789–1792 (d. 1801) Aḥmad Girāy Ṣāḥib Girāy II of Crimea 1772–1775 (d. 1807) Shāhīn Girāy of Crimea 1777–1782, 1783 (d. 1787) Bahādur Girāy II of Crimea 1782–1783; of Bujaq 1783–1787 (d. 1792) Ghāzī Girāy III of Crimea 1704–1707 (d. 1708) Qaplān Girāy I of Crimea 1707–1708, 1713–1716, 1730–1736 (d. 1738) Salīm Girāy II of Crimea 1743–1748 Qaplān Girāy II of Crimea 1770 (d. 1771) Saʿādat Girāy IV of Crimea 1717–1724 (d. 1732) Ḥalīm Girāy of Crimea 1756–1758 (d. 1759) Manglī Girāy II of Crimea 1724–1730, 1737–1739 Salāmat Girāy II of Crimea 1740–1743 (d. 1751) Maqṣūd Girāy of Crimea 1767–1768, 1771–1772 (d. 1781) Muḥammad Girāy IV of Crimea 1641–1644, 1654–1666 Islām Girāy III of Crimea 1644–1654 Mubārak Girāy Murād Girāy of Crimea 1678–1683 Qīrīm Girāy Ḥājjī Girāy II of Crimea 1683–1684 Saʿādat Girāy III of Crimea 1691 Ṣafāʾ Girāy Ṣafāʾ Girāy of Crimea 1691–1692 ʿĀdil Girāy Dawlat Girāy III of Crimea 1716 Mubārak Girāy Jānī-Beg Girāy of Crimea 1610–1623, 1624, 1627–1635 ? Beg-Ṣūfī claimant in Crimea 1419–1421 (identification disputed) Sayyid-Aḥmad II claimant in Crimea 1432–1437, Podolia 1433–1452 (d. 1465?) Dawlat-Bīrdī of the Golden Horde 1428; claimant in Crimea 1421-1428 ʿAlī Khudādād of the Golden Horde 1422–1425 Ḥasan Ulugh Muḥammad of the Golden Horde 1430–1437; of Kazan 1437–1446 Maḥmūd (Maḥmūdāq) of Kazan 1446–1462 Khalīl of Kazan 1462–1467 Ibrāhīm of Kazan 1467–1479 ʿAlī (Ilhām) of Kazan 1479–1484, 1485–1487 (d. 1490) Muḥammad-Amīn of Kazan 1484–1485, 1487–1495, 1502–1518 ʿAbd al-Laṭīf of Kazan 1496–1502 (d. 1517) Gawhar Shād, female regent of Kazan 1531–1533 Qāsim of Kasimov 1452–1469 Dāniyār of Kasimov 1469–1486 Yaʿqūb, possibly ruled in Kasimov 1469–1471 Kay-Tīmūr (Ūz-Tīmūr), son of Tūqā-Tīmūr Abāy Nūmqān Qutluq-Tīmūr = ? Qutluq-Tīmūr named as rival of ʿAbdallāh Khan in 1361 by Ibn Khaldun Tīmūr-Beg = ? Ūljāy-Tīmūr of the Golden Horde 1368 (d. 1369) Tīmūr-Qutluq of the Golden Horde 1397–1398, 1398–1399 Pūlād of the Golden Horde 1406–1409, 1409–1410 Tīmūr of the Golden Horde 1410–1412 Kīchīk Muḥammad of the Golden Horde 1434–1459 Maḥmūd of the Golden Horde 1459–1465; of Astrakhan 1465–1471 Qāsim I of Astrakhan 1471–1481 ʿAbd al-Karīm of the Golden Horde 1481–1491; of Astrakhan 1481–1485, 1491–1493, 1494–1514 ʿAbd ar-Raḥmān of Astrakhan 1533–1537, 1539–1545 Jānī-Beg of Astrakhan 1514–1521 Ḥusayn of Astrakhan 1521–1523, 1523–1526 Aḥmad of the Golden Horde 1459–1481 Sayyid-Aḥmad III of the Golden Horde 1481–1491 Qāsim II of Astrakhan 1528–1531, 1532 Yādigār-Muḥammad of Kazan 1552 (d. 1565) Murtaḍā of the Golden Horde 1481–1494; of Astrakhan 1485–1491, 1493–1494 (d. 1499) Āq-Kibak of Astrakhan 1532–1533, 1545–1546, 1547–1550 ʿAbdallāh Muṣṭafā-ʿAlī of Kasimov 1573–1583 Bīrdī-Beg Yāmghurchī of Astrakhan 1546–1547, 1550–1554 Shaykh-Aḥmad of the Golden Horde 1491–1502; of Astrakhan 1527–1528 Shaykh-Ḥaydar (of Astrakhan in 1537–1541?) Darwīsh-ʿAlī of Astrakhan 1537–1539, 1554–1556 (d. after 1558) Sayyid-Maḥmūd of the Golden Horde 1491–1502 Bahādur Beg-Pūlād Sāyin-Pūlād of Kasimov 1567–1573, Russian Tsar as Semën Bekbulatovič 1574–1576 (d. 1616) Bakhtiyār-Sulṭān Shaykh-Awliyār of Kasimov 1512–1516 Shāh-ʿAlī of Kasimov 1516–1519, 1537–1567; of Kazan 1519–1521, 1546, 1551–1552 Jān-ʿAlī of Kasimov 1519–1532; of Kazan 1531–1533 (d. 1535) Yaʿqūb of Khwarazm 1461–1462 Jawāq (Chuwāq) of Khwarazm 1462 Māngishlāq Yār-Muḥammad 1st Ashtarkhanid khan of Bukhara 1599–1600 (d. 1612) Jānī-Muḥammad (or Jānī-Beg) of Bukhara 1600–1603 Bāqī-Muḥammad of Bukhara 1603–1606 Walī-Muḥammad of Bukhara 1606–1611, 1611 Rustam-Muḥammad rival at Balkh 1613 (d. after 1641) Muḥammad-Raḥīm ʿAbd-Allāh of Balkh 1711–1712 Sanjar of Balkh 1712–1717 Muḥammad-Ṭāhir, 41st khan of Khwarazm 1739–1740 (d. 1742) Walī-Muḥammad Muḥammad of Balkh 1717–1720 Dīn-Muḥammad Imām-Qulī of Bukhara 1611, 1611–1641 (d. 1642) Nadhr-Muḥammad of Bukhara 1641–1645 (d. 1651) ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz of Bukhara 1645–1681 (d. 1684) Subḥān-Qulī of Bukhara 1681–1702 ʿUbaydallāh I of Bukhara 1702–1711 Abu'l-Fayḍ of Bukhara 1711–1747 ʿAbd al-Muʾmin of Bukhara 1747–1750 ʿUbaydallāh II of Bukhara 1750–1753 (adopted; biological son of Shāh-Tīmūr of Khwarazm) (Khānim) married Muḥammad-Ḥājjī-Sulṭān Abu'l-Ghāzī of Bukhara 1758–1789; Khiva 1767–1768 (d. 1796) Iskandar of Balkh 1681–1683 Muḥammad-Muqīm of Balkh 1697–1707 Abu'l-Manṣūr of Balkh 1683 Ṣaddīq-Muḥammad of Balkh 1683–1686 Tursūn-Muḥammad Muḥammad-Ibrāhīm possibly the ruler of Balkh in 1601 Qutlū-Beg Shādī-Beg of the Golden Horde 1399–1407 Ghiyāth ad-Dīn II of the Golden Horde 1421, 1423–1426 Muṣṭafā claimant at Astrakhan 1431–1433; in the Ulus of Orda 1440–1446; of Khwarazm 1447–1464 Mīnkāsar ʿAbdallāh of the Golden Horde 1361–1370 Muḥammad-Sulṭān of the Golden Horde 1370–1379 Tughluq-Khwāja Tawakkul = Tūlāk of the Golden Horde 1379–1380 Āqmīl Chekre khan of Sibir and Bolghar 1413, of the Golden Horde 1415–1416 Mamkī Sayyid-Aḥmad I of the Golden Horde 1416 (disputed identification) Altī-Qurtuqā Darwīsh of the Golden Horde 1417–1419 An annotated genealogical list of the known reigning descendants of Tuqa-Timur, son of Jochi, son of Genghis Khan. The list includes khans and rival khans, as well as the princes through whom the line of descent passed. The main sources for the Medieval and Early Modern generations are the major genealogical compendium Muʿizz al-ansāb and the Tawārīḫ-i guzīdah-i nuṣrat-nāmah, supplemented by other sources and secondary literature. For consistency, the names are given in the standard scholarly transcription used in English-language scholarship (e.g., Bosworth 1996) for Perso-Arabic sources such as these.
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References

Bibliography

Bennigsen, A., et al., Le Khanat de Crimée dans les Archives du Musée de Palais de Topkapı, Paris, 1978.
Bosworth, C. E., The New Islamic Dynasties, New York, 1996.
Bregel, Y. (transl.), Firdaws al-Iqbāl: History of Khorezm by Shir Muhammad Mirab Munis and Muhammad Riza Mirab Agahi, Leiden, 1999.
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Tuqa-Timur

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