Ulu scripts

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The Ulu scripts, locally known as Surat Ulu ('upstream script') are a family of writing systems found in central and south Sumatra, in the regions of Kerinci, Bengkulu, Palembang and Lampung, Indonesia. They were used to write manuscripts in Sumatran languages and Malay. The Malay writing was gradually replaced by the Jawi script, a localized version of the Arabic script.

The terms "surat" and "ulu" are the origin of the name Surat Ulu. While "ulu" ('upstream') refers to the highland region where the rivers in South Sumatra and Bengkulu originate (the Barisan Mountains), "Surat" refers to the script. The user community first referred to this script family as Surat Ulu.

The Rencong script (Dutch: Rèntjong-schrift) is another well-known naming system. "Rencong" is thought to be derived from the Old Malay word mèncong, which means oblique or italics. It could also be derived from the word runcing ('sharp'), as this script family was originally written with a sharp knife tip. Regardless of its origin, Western scholars frequently use this term to refer to this family of scripts.

The Kaganga script is another name coined by Mervyn A. Jaspan (1926-1975), an anthropologist at the University of Hull. He was probably not aware that most Brahmi script lineages use KA Ga and Nga as the first characters of the alphabetic order. The name "Kaganga" is derived from the first three letters of the Pāṇini sequence, which is used in the Brahmi (Indian) script family. This is equivalent to the word "alphabet," which is derived from the names of the first two letters of the Greek alphabet (Α-Β, alpha-beta), and the word "abjad," which is derived from the names of the first four letters of the Arabic alphabet (ا-ب-ج-د, alif-ba-jim-dal).

Several tribes have their own names in addition to the three mentioned above. For example, this script family is known as the surat ʁincung among the Pasemah ethnic group.

Rencong script was often written on tree bark, bamboo, horns and palmyra-palm leaves.

The term "Rencong" is often confused with "Rejang", which refers to a specific Rencong alphabet that was used to write various dialects of the Rejang language and for writing Malay in the region.

This map below shows the distribution of various Rencong alphabets in South Sumatra:

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  Detail of a Kerinci manuscript (KITLV Or. 239). The text reads (Voorhoeve's spelling): "haku manangis ma / njaru ka'u ka'u di / saru tijada da / tang [hitu hadik sa]", which is translated by Voorhoeve as: "I am weeping, calling you; though called, you do not come" (hitu adik sa- is the rest of 4th line).
• 
  Signboard of government office buildings in Kerinci Regency
• 
  Street sign in Kerinci Regency
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  SDN 1 Podomoro signboard, Pringsewu, Lampung
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  Gelumpai inscribed with the Rejang script

• Rejang alphabet
• Lampung alphabet
• Komering script

• Sarwono, Sarwit; Rahayu, Ngudining (2014). Pusat Penulisan dan Para Penulis Manuskrip Ulu di Bengkulu (PDF) (in Indonesian). Universitas Bengkulu: UNIB Press. ISBN 978-979-9431-85-1.
• Pudjiastuti, Titik (1996). Aksara dan Naskah Kuno Lampung Dalam Pandangan Masyarakat Lampung Kini (PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Proyek Pengkajian dan Pembinaan Nilai-nilai Budaya Pusat Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.