| Urhobo | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Nigeria |
| Region | Delta State, Edo State |
| Ethnicity | Urhobo |
Native speakers | 1.1 million (2020) |
Niger–Congo?
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | urh |
| Glottolog | urho1239 |
Urhobo is a Southwestern Edoid language spoken by the Urhobo people of southern Nigeria. It is spoken in Delta and Bayelsa States.[failed verification]
Urhobo has a rather reduced system of sound inventory compared to proto-Edoid. The inventory of Urhobo consists of seven vowels; which form two harmonic sets, /i e ɛ a o ɔ u/ and /ĩ ẽ ɛ̃ ã ɔ̃ õ ũ/.
It has a conservative consonant inventory for an Edoid language. It maintains three nasals, and only five oral consonants, /ɾ, l, β̞, j, w/, have nasal allophones before nasal vowels.
| Labial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labio-velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | (n) | ɲ | ŋ͡m | |||
| Plosive | p b | t d | d͡ʒ | kʲ ɡʲ | k ɡ | k͡p ɡ͡b | |
| Fricative | ɸ | f v | s | ʃ | (ç ʝ) | x ɣ | |
| Trill | r̥ r | ||||||
| Flap | (ɾ̥ ɾ) | ||||||
| Lateral | l ~ n | ||||||
| Approximant | β̞ [β̞̃] | (ɹ̥ ɹ) [ɹ̃] | j [j̃] | (ɰ ɰ̊) | w [w̃] |
According to Anthony Ukere, Urhobo has two tones, a high tone and a low tone. These can also combine to form rising and falling tones. Rose Aziza is a professor of linguistics who does work on the phonology of Urhobo.
Urhobo has the subject–verb–object (SVO) constituent word order as illustrated with the example below:
Òtítí
Otiti
ò
3SG
chó
steal.PST
ọhọ
hen
ná
DET
'Otiti stole the hen.'