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(Eo/c2 ).
Special Relativity
- Ben T. Ito
- 5-12-2025
In Einstein’s paper "Relativity: Special and General Theory" (1917), Einstein is supporting Maxwell’s theory using the inertial mass that depicts the effects of a quantized electromagnetic photon (Eo) since Lenard proves light is composed of optic particles (Lenard, Intro) which nullifies Maxwell’s theory since as a light beam propagates, the distance between photon would increase eliminating the continuity of Maxwell’s electromagnetic field, and an expanding electromagnetic field cannot be quantized. Planck attempts to quantize Maxwell’s electromagnetic field using electromagnetic standing waves (resonators) (Planck, § 7) yet Planck’s resonators cannot leave the black body cavity since the formation of Planck’s resonators requires the interior walls of the black body.
"the (special) theory of relativity has grown out of electrodynamics and optics." (Einstein, § 15).
"If a body takes up an amount of energy Eo, then its inertial mass increases by an amount Eo/c2 “ (Einstein, § 15).
The absorption of a photon (Eo) by a body (atom) is said to increase the inertial mass (Eo/c2) of an atom but a massless photon's energy (Eo) is incompatible with a mass and cannot be used to create a mass. In addition, Einstein’s inertial mass is arbitrary since Einstein does not describe what entity of the mass (m) of an atom is increasing. In addition, an expanding electromagnetic field cannot be quantized to form Einstein’s electromagnetic photon (Eo). Einstein’s energy equation E = mc2 is represented with the units of the kinetic energy (kg m2 / s2) yet a photon is massless since light can propagate through glass which invalidates Einstein’s energy equation E = mc2. Dirac’s energy-momentum equivalence E2 = (mc2)2 + (pc)2 is used to support Einstein’s theory using the zero-rest mass (m = 0) that forms E = pc but the vacuum radiometer proves light does not form the effects of the momentum which nullifies Dirac’s theory. Using Compton’s photon momentum (p = h/λ) in E = pc forms E = pc = (h/λ)c = hγ that is represented with the unit of the kinetic energy (g m2 / s2) since “h = 6.55 x 10-27 erg . s” (Planck, § 12) and erg = g m2 / s2 yet a photon is massless which further invalidates Einstein’s special relativity.
Einstein, Albert. Relativity: Special and General Theory. Brauschweig. 1917.
Lenard, Philipp. Ueber die lichtelektrische Wirkung. Annalen der Physik. 8:149-198. 1902.
Planck, Max. On the Law of Distribution of Energy in the Normal Spectrum. Annalen der Physik. 4:553. 1901.