Aucanquilcha is a large compound volcano in Chile. It has the form of a ridge reaching an altitude of 6,176 m (20,262 ft) above sea level and formed between 1.04 and 0.23 million years ago. During the ice ages, Aucanquilcha was covered in an ice cap that left moraines and cirques. It has generated lava in a dacite composition. Systematic variations in temperature, crystal and biotite content have been recorded during the evolution of the cluster. They reflect the change of the magma supply conduits in the crust from dispersed magma chambers to a centralized volcanic system. A mine was opened at an altitude of 5,950 m (19,520 ft) in 1913; it remained in use from 1950 to 1992, constituting at that time the world's highest mine, and mined the sulfur deposits of the volcano in its summit area. As part of this mining activity, a road and an aerial cableway were built on Aucanquilcha. In 1986, four men were reported to be living at an altitude of 5,900 m (19,400 ft), making them the highest permanent residents on Earth. (Full article...)
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Harold Urey (1893–1981) was an American physical chemist who received the 1934 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his discovery of deuterium, a heavy isotope of hydrogen. During World War II, he worked on the Manhattan Project, overseeing research into uranium enrichment for the development of the atomic bomb. After the war, he pioneered research into ancient climates using oxygen isotopes and contributed to theories about the origin of life. His hypothesis about the composition of Earth's early atmosphere provided the basis for the Miller–Urey experiment, conducted by his student Stanley Miller, which demonstrated that amino acids could form from simpler compounds. Urey later studied the Moon and its origins, examining lunar samples returned by the Apollo 11 mission. This photograph shows Urey in 1934. Photograph credit: unknown photographer; restored by Adam Cuerden
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