Lenguas apacheanas
Las lenguas apacheanas son un grupo de la rama de lenguas atabascanas de la familia lingüística na-dené. También se conocen con el nombre de lenguas atabascanas meridionales. El grupo se subdivide en tres ramas: apache-kiowa y apacheanas occidentales y apacheanas orientales.
Las lenguas apaches son habladas por casi 200 mil hablantes en los estados norteamericanos de Arizona, Nuevo México, Oklahoma y en los estados mexicanos de Chihuahua, Sonora y Coahuila.
Comparación léxica
Los numerales en diferentes lenguas apacheanas son:
| GLOSA |
Apache
occid. | Navajo | Mescalero | Chiricahua
(San Carlos) | Jicarilla |
PROTO-
APACHEANO |
| '1' | dáłaʼá
dáłaʼé | tʼɑ́aɑ łɑ́ʼí | tašayay | datła
dišłai | tahčli | *táłaʼáí |
| '2' | nɑ́kih | nɑːki | nahki | nɑːki | nahki | *náˑʔki |
| '3' | tɑ̄ːgi | tɑ́ːʼ | kayai | tɑːgi
kɑːge | kiyi | *táˑʔgi |
| '4' | dɪ̨̄ːʼi | dɪ̨́ːʼ | inyeh | dingi | tini | *dɪ́ˑŋgi |
| '5' | ɑšdlaʼi
išdlaʼi | ɑšdlɑʼ | aštlai | aštla
ištli | atsčli | *ašdlaʼi |
| '6' | gostɑ́n | hɑstɑ̜́ː | hostkonnai | goːstan | koskon | *gostáˑn |
| '7' | gostsʼidi
gostsʼigi | tsotsʼid | hosteedai | gastede | kossetpi | *gostsʼidi |
| '8' | tsebīː
sebīː | tseːbíː | hahpi | tsepi | tsapi | *tsáˑʔpi |
| '9' | góstʼɑ́í
ńgóstʼɑ́í | nɑ́hɑ́stʼéí | 'nghostai | 'ngostai | nusti | *ngostʼáí |
| '10' | goneznɑ́n
goniinɑ́n | neːznɑ́ː | gonaihannai | | koneznan | *goneˑznáˑn |
Referencias
Bibliografía
- Dosch Hymes, Virginia: "Athapaskan Numeral Systems", International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 26-45, 1955.
- Hoijer, Harry. (1938). The southern Athapaskan languages. American Anthropologist, 40 (1), 75-87.
- Hoijer, Harry. (1945). Classificatory verb stems in the Apachean languages. International Journal of American Linguistics, 11 (1), 13-23.
- Hoijer, Harry. (1945). The Apachean verb, part I: Verb structure and pronominal prefixes. International Journal of American Linguistics, 11 (4), 193-203.
- Hoijer, Harry. (1946). The Apachean verb, part II: The prefixes for mode and tense. International Journal of American Linguistics, 12 (1), 1-13.
- Hoijer, Harry. (1946). The Apachean verb, part III: The classifiers. International Journal of American Linguistics, 12 (2), 51-59.
- Hoijer, Harry. (1948). The Apachean verb, part IV: Major form classes. International Journal of American Linguistics, 14 (4), 247–259.
- Hoijer, Harry. (1949). The Apachean verb, part V: The theme and prefix complex. International Journal of American Linguistics, 15 (1), 12–22.
- Hoijer, Harry. (1956). The Chronology of the Athapaskan languages. International Journal of American Linguistics, 22 (4), 219-232.
- Hoijer, Harry. (1963). The Athapaskan languages. In H. Hoijer (Ed.), Studies in the Athapaskan languages (pp. 1–29). University of California publications in linguistics 29. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Hoijer, Harry (Ed.). (1963). Studies in the Athapaskan languages. University of California publications in linguistics 29. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Hoijer, Harry. (1971). The position of the Apachean languages in the Athapaskan stock. In K. H. Basso & M. E. Opler (Eds.), Apachean culture history and ethnology (pp. 3–6). Anthropological papers of the University of Arizona (No. 21). Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
- Hymes, Dell H. (1957). A note on Athapaskan glottochronology. International Journal of American Linguistics, 22 (4), 291-297.
- Liebe-Harkot, Marie-Louise. (1984). A comparison of Apachean languages, exemplified by the verb system for handling verbs. In H. Krenn, J. Niemeyer, & U. Eberhardt (Eds.), Sprache und Text: Akten des 18: Linguistischen Kolloquiums, Linz 1983. Linguistische Arbeiten (Max Niemeyer Verlag) (Nos. 145-146). Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag. ISBN 3-484-30145-7 (Bd. 1); ISBN 3-484-30146-5 (Bd. 2).
- de Reuse, Willem J. (2001). Prototypes and fuzziness in the system and usage of Apachean classificatory verb stems. In S. Tuttle & G. Holton (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2001 Athabaskan Languages Conference (No. 1, pp. 75–94). Fairbanks, AK: Alaska Native Language Center.
- Sapir, Edward. (1936). Linguistic evidence suggestive of the northern origin of the Navaho. American Anthropologist, 38 (2), 224-235.
- Young, Robert W. (1983). Apachean languages. In A. Ortiz, W. C. Sturtevant (Eds.), Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest (Vol. 10, pp. 393–400). Washington: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-004579-7.
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