Maurjate riik

Maurja Riik u 321 – 185 eKr
Valitsusvorm	monarhia
Keiser	Chandragupta Maurya ; (esimene, u 321 – 298 eKr) ; Brihadratha Maurya ; (viimane, 187–185 eKr)
Pealinn	Pataliputra
Pindala	5 000 000 km² (250 eKr)
Rahvaarv	15 000 000 – ; 30 000 000 (3. saj eKr)
Peamised keeled	Magadhi praakriti ; sanskriti
Valuuta	Karshapana
Nanda Riik ; Paropamisadae ; Parada Kuningriik ; Aparanta ; Kathiawar ; Andhras ; Kalinga	Shunga Riik ; Indo-Kreeka Kuningriik ; Yaudheya ; Samatata ; Satavahana ; Mahameghavahana

Mitte segi ajada Mori Kuningriigiga. Filmi kohta vaata artiklit Maurya (film). Teiste tähenduste kohta vaata artiklit Moriya.

Maurja Riik oli riik Lõuna-Aasias rauaaja lõpus. Selle kese oli Magadha piirkond. Maurya Riigi rajas u 320. aastal eKr Chandragupta Maurya ning see kestis üsna lõdvalt ühendatud kuningriigina aastani 185 eKr.

Chandragupta Maurya alistas Nanda Riigi ning allutas oma võimule alad läänes kuni Hindukušini ning lõunas kuni Dekkani kiltmaani. Tema võimu reaalne olemasolu väljaspool Magadhat sõltus suuresti kohalikust arengutasemest. Chandragupta lapselapse Ašoka valitsemisajal (u 268–232 eKr) olid Maurja Riigi kontrolli all kogu Hindustan, v.a poolsaare lõunatipp. Riigi pealinn Pataliputra asus Magadhatis (praegune Patna), teised põhipiirkonnad ja -keskused olid Taxila riigi loodeosas, Ujjain Malwa kiltmaal, Bengali lahe äärne Kalinga ja väärismetalliderikas Dekkani kiltmaa. Väljaspool neid piirkondi olenes keskvõimu töötamine konkreetse kohaliku asevalitseja ustavusest.

Maurja Riigi majandusarengut viisid edasi rahumeelsete usundite budismi ja jainismi levik, rahasüsteemi kasutuselevõtt ning kirjaoskuse levik. Induse-Gangese madalikul olid viljakad maad, kaubandus toimus meretsi ja jõgitsi. Talvel olid jõed piisavalt madalad, et neid ületada, ning siis töötas kaubavahetus ka mööda Maurja Riigi poolt rajatud maanteid. Suurimad maanteed ühendasid praegust Afganistani Maurja pealinnaga, Gangese äärseid alasid Araabia merega ja metallikaevanusi Lõuna-Maurjaga.

Maurja Riigi ajal elas Lõuna-Aasias 15 kuni 30 miljonit inimest. Riigi hiilgeajal õitsesid kunst, arhitektuur ja kirjandus, tekkis kastisüsteem ning vähenes naiste roll ühiskonnas. Pärast verist Kalinga sõda (u 261 eKr) hakkas Ašoka budistiks ning hakkas seda usundit oma riigis levitama. Ta saatis budistlikke usulevitajaid Sri Lankale, Loode-Indiasse ja Kesk-Aasiasse. Ašoka keelas metsloomade tapmise ja metsade raiumise ning oli mõnes mõttes varajane looduskaitsja. Ašoka püstitatud samba kapiteel on India vapil.

Vaata ka

Viited

↑
"Knitting these regions together were important trade routes. The northern road (uttarapatha) extended from Bengal to Taxila; another branched from the Ganges near the juncture with the Yamuna, joined the Narmada basin and continued to the Arabian seaport of Bharukaccha (Broach). Yet another branched southward (dakshinapatha) from Ujjain to the regional capital of Suvarnagiri, a centre for the production of gold and iron"
↑ Dyson 2018, lk 24 Quote: "Yet Sumit Guha considers that 20 million is an upper limit. This is because the demographic growth experienced in core areas is likely to have been less than that experienced in areas that were more lightly settled in the early historic period. The position taken here is that the population in Mauryan times (320–220 BCE) was between 15 and 30 million—although it may have been a little more, or it may have been a little less."
↑
"A creative explosion in all the arts was a most remarkable feature of this ancient transformation, a permanent cultural legacy. Mauryan territory was created in its day by awesome armies and dreadful war, but future generations would cherish its beautiful pillars, inscriptions, coins, sculptures, buildings, ceremonies, and texts, particularly later Buddhist writers."
↑ Elverskog, Johan (2020). The Buddha's Footprint: An Environmental History of Asia. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Lk 56. ISBN 978-0-8122-5183-8. The imperial edicts of Asoka echo this commodity view of trees. In Pillar Edict V, Asoka decreed that "forests must not be burned without reason." The Buddhist community took this mandate further by declaring that in order to protect forests from such conflagrations monks were allowed to set counterfires
↑
"Following the Buddha's message, he banned Brahminic Vedic animal sacrifices in his capital (although he evidently lacked the administrative control to stop them outside of it). Overall, Ashoka's edicts proclaim his compassion for animals, perhaps motivated by an environmental ethic (in addition to his revenue or administrative goals). Consequently, today many environmentalists evoke Ashoka as an ancient Indian exemplar."
↑ Vajpeyi, Ananya (2012). Righteous Republic: The Political Foundations of Modern India. Cambridge MA and London: Harvard University Press. Lk 188–189. ISBN 978-0-674-04895-9.

[Stein-Arnold-2013-lead-3-1] 
"Knitting these regions together were important trade routes. The northern road (uttarapatha) extended from Bengal to Taxila; another branched from the Ganges near the juncture with the Yamuna, joined the Narmada basin and continued to the Arabian seaport of Bharukaccha (Broach). Yet another branched southward (dakshinapatha) from Ujjain to the regional capital of Suvarnagiri, a centre for the production of gold and iron"

[Dyson2018-lead-maurya-4-2] Dyson 2018, lk 24 Quote: "Yet Sumit Guha considers that 20 million is an upper limit. This is because the demographic growth experienced in core areas is likely to have been less than that experienced in areas that were more lightly settled in the early historic period. The position taken here is that the population in Mauryan times (320–220 BCE) was between 15 and 30 million—although it may have been a little more, or it may have been a little less."

[Ludden2013-lead-4-3] 
"A creative explosion in all the arts was a most remarkable feature of this ancient transformation, a permanent cultural legacy. Mauryan territory was created in its day by awesome armies and dreadful war, but future generations would cherish its beautiful pillars, inscriptions, coins, sculptures, buildings, ceremonies, and texts, particularly later Buddhist writers."

[elverskog-2020-lead-1-4] Elverskog, Johan (2020). The Buddha's Footprint: An Environmental History of Asia. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Lk 56. ISBN 978-0-8122-5183-8. The imperial edicts of Asoka echo this commodity view of trees. In Pillar Edict V, Asoka decreed that "forests must not be burned without reason." The Buddhist community took this mandate further by declaring that in order to protect forests from such conflagrations monks were allowed to set counterfires

[fisher-2018-lead-3-5] 
"Following the Buddha's message, he banned Brahminic Vedic animal sacrifices in his capital (although he evidently lacked the administrative control to stop them outside of it). Overall, Ashoka's edicts proclaim his compassion for animals, perhaps motivated by an environmental ethic (in addition to his revenue or administrative goals). Consequently, today many environmentalists evoke Ashoka as an ancient Indian exemplar."

[Vajpeyi-2012-6] Vajpeyi, Ananya (2012). Righteous Republic: The Political Foundations of Modern India. Cambridge MA and London: Harvard University Press. Lk 188–189. ISBN 978-0-674-04895-9.