Generalissimus

Generalissimus (ital. generalissimo, lat. generalissimus, esp. generalísimo) on eräissä maissa sotamarsalkkaa korkeampi sotilasarvo, jonka haltija on sotavoimien ylipäällikkö tai poikkeuksellisin valtuuksin varustettu kenraali. Arvo myönnettiin ensimmäisenä Albrecht von Wallensteinille vuonna 1630. Arvoa vastaava merivoimien arvo on admiralissimus.

Sotilasarvon nimi on johdettu italian sanasta generale romaanisten kielten superlatiivin päätteellä.

Generalissimuksia

Henkilö	Maa	Aikakausi
Aadolf Juhana	Ruotsi	1655–1660
Emilio Aguinaldo	Filippiinit	1898–1901
Kaarle XIV Juhana	Ruotsi	1810–1818
Kaarle X Kustaa	Ruotsi	1648–1650
Tšiang Kai-šek	Kiinan tasavalta	1926–1975
John Churchill, Marlborough’n herttua	Yhdistyneet provinssit	1702
Ferdinand Foch	Ranska	1918
Deodoro da Fonseca	Brasilia	1890
Francisco Franco	Espanja	1936–1975
Fredrik I	Ruotsi	1716–1720
Maurice Gamelin	Ranska	1939
Yrjö	Ison-Britannian kuningaskunta	1702–1708
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla	Meksiko	1810–1811
Hirohito	Japani	1926–1945
Agustín de Iturbide	Meksiko	1821–1823
Jaakko II	Englannin kuningaskunta	1673
Joseph Joffre	Ranska	1914
Kalakaua Kalākaua	Havaijin kuningaskunta	1886–1891
Karl Philipp zu Schwarzenberg	Itävallan keisarikunta	1813–1814
Kim Il-sung Kim Il Sung	Pohjois-Korea	1992
Kim Jong-il Kim Jong Il	Pohjois-Korea	2012
Ludvig	Ranskan kuningaskunta	1708
Mao Zedong Mao Zedong	Kiinan kansantasavalta	1955
Aleksandr Danilovitš Menšikov	Venäjän keisarikunta	1727–1728
Francisco de Miranda	Venezuela	1812
José María Morelos	Meksiko	1813–1815
Ihsan Nuri	Kurdistan	1927–1930
Aleksandr Suvorov	Venäjän keisarikunta	1799
Anton Ulrich von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel	Venäjän keisarikunta	1740–1741
Maxime Weygand	Ranska	1940
José de San Martín	Peru	1821–1822
Mahmud Şevket pašša	Osmanien valtakunta	1909–1912, 1913
Josef Stalin	Neuvostoliitto	1945
Sun Yat-sen Sun Yat-sen	Kiinan tasavalta	1921
Rafael Trujillo	Dominikaaninen tasavalta	1930
Albrecht von Wallenstein	Pyhä saksalais-roomalainen keisarikunta	1625
George Washington	Yhdysvallat	1776
Yuan Shikai	Kiinan tasavalta	1913–1916
Zhang Zuolin Zhang Zuolin	Kiinan tasavalta	1927–1928

Lähteet

↑ Wiberg, Matti: Politiikan sanakirja, s. 119. (Toimittanut Kalevi Koukkunen) Helsinki: Kustannusosakeyhtiö Siltala, 2011. ISBN 978-952-234-048-1
↑ généralissime Portail Lexical, Lexicographie, Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales (ranskaksi)
↑ Adolf Johan sok.riksarkivet.se. Viitattu 13.9.2023.
↑ Barton, Sir Dunbar (1925). Bernadotte Prince and King. P. 39. John Murray, London.
↑ Barton, Sir Dunbar (1925). Bernadotte Prince and King. P. 127. John Murray, London.
↑ Malline:In lang Ancienneté och Rang-Rulla öfver Krigsmagten år 1813
↑ Barton, Sir Dunbar (1925). Bernadotte Prince and King. P. 4. John Murray, London.
↑ Karl X Gustav sok.riksarkivet.se. Viitattu 18.9.2023.
↑ Rapin de Thoyras (M., Paul): The History of England, s. 562. IV, part 1 (French original: Histoire d'Angleterre, 1724–27) J. and P. Knapton, 1745. Teoksen verkkoversio. Arkistoitu March 11, 2023.
↑ John McGroarty :The Gray Man of Christ: Generalissimo Foch (1919) Los Angeles, Walter A Abbott
↑ Andermann, Jens; Rowe, William: Images of Power: Iconography, Culture and the State in Latin America, s. 176. Berghahn Books, 2006. ISBN 9781845452124 Teoksen verkkoversio. Arkistoitu March 11, 2023.
↑ "Franco of Iberia". Time, October 18, 1943. cover.
↑ Pock, Johann Joseph: Der politische, katholische Passagier, durchreisend alle hohe Höfe, Republiquen, Herrschafften und Länder der ganzen Welt, s. 832. Brechenmacher, 1724. Teoksen verkkoversio. Arkistoitu.
1 2 Roper, Michael: The Records of the War Office and Related Departments, 1660–1964, s. 5. Kew, Surrey: Public Record Office, 1998.
↑ Rapin de Thoyras (M., Paul): The History of England, s. 104. IV, part 1 (French original: Histoire d'Angleterre, 1724–27) J. and P. Knapton, 1745. Teoksen verkkoversio. Arkistoitu March 11, 2023.
↑ Comunica Miguel Hidalgo su proclamaci n como General simo de Am rica Arkistoitu 2015-09-23 Wayback Machine. Documentos Historicos de Mexico, October 24, 1810.
↑ Bix, Herbert P.: Hirohito And The Making Of Modern Japan. Harper Collins, 13 October 2009. ISBN 978-0-06-186047-8 Teoksen verkkoversio. Arkistoitu June 4, 2022. (englanniksi)
↑ Anna, Timothy E.: The Rule of Agustin de Iturbide: A Reappraisal. Journal of Latin American Studies, 1985, 17. vsk, nro 1, s. 79–110. doi:10.1017/S0022216X00009202 ISSN 0022-216X JSTOR:157498 S2CID:145054515
↑ Doughty, Robert A.: Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War, s. 232. Harvard University Press, 30 June 2009. ISBN 978-0-674-03431-0 Teoksen verkkoversio. Arkistoitu July 8, 2022. (englanniksi)
↑ ”Chapter XXII: Act Act To Organize The Military Forces Of The Kingdom”, Laws of His Majesty Kalakaua, King of the Hawaiian Islands: Passed by the Legislative Assembly at Its Session of 1886, s. 37–41. Honolulu: Black & Auld, 1886. OCLC:42350849 Arkistoitu March 11, 2023.
↑ Peck, Harry Thurston: The International Cyclopedia: A Compendium of Human Knowledge, Rev. with Large Additions, s. 238. Dodd, Mead, 1898. Teoksen verkkoversio. Arkistoitu May 5, 2022. (englanniksi)
↑ The Daily Yomuiri, 29 September 2010, Kim Jong Un spotlighted / 'Heir apparent' promoted to general, makes DPRK media debut yomiuri.co.jp. Arkistoitu October 2, 2010. Viitattu September 30, 2010.
1 2 Late North Korean Leader Promoted to Generalissimo. Voice of America, 14 February 2012. Artikkelin verkkoversio. Arkistoitu May 8, 2022. (englanniksi)
↑ The Australian, 15 February 2012, Late Kim Jong-il awarded highest honour by North TheAustralian. Arkistoitu February 17, 2012. Viitattu February 15, 2012.
↑ Rapin de Thoyras (M., Paul): The History of England, s. 68. IV, part 1 (French original: Histoire d'Angleterre, 1724–27) J. and P. Knapton, 1745. ”But an unexpected alteration was suddenly made, and the French King declared the Duke of Burgundy Generalissimo of his forces, appointing the Duke de Vendosme [sic: Vendôme] to serve under him; and he was to be accompanied by the Duke of Berry.” Teoksen verkkoversio. Arkistoitu March 11, 2023.
↑ "Menschikow und Stalin waren die einzigen Heerführer der russischen Geschichte, die sich 'Generalissimus' nennen ließen." [Menshikov and Stalin were the only military leaders in Russian history who declared themselves "generalissimus".] Jena, Detlev (1996): Die russischen Zaren in Lebensbildern, Graz, p. 520.
↑ Inauguration of the exhibition José María Morelos y Pavón. Generalissimo of Mexican America armies^{[ vanhentunut linkki ]} Noticias – Dirección General de Asuntos internacionales – Secretaría de Cultura. Arkistoitu February 9, 2023. Viitattu 3 July 2022. spanish
↑ Bletch Chirguh, La Question Kurde: ses origines et ses causes, Le Caire, Impimerie Paul Barbey, 1930, front cover, Ihsan Nouri Pacha Généralissime des forces nationales Kurdes
↑ Portrait of Prince Anton Ulrich von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (1714-1774)^{[ vanhentunut linkki ]} 2023. hermitagemuseum.org. Arkistoitu April 10, 2019. Viitattu 14 January 2023.
↑ Joseph Stalin was appointed generalissimus of the Soviet Union. See: Ivan Aleksandrovich Venediktov, Selskokhozyaystvennaya entsiklopediya, Vol. 4, Gos. izd-vo selkhoz, 1956, p. 584. Arkistoitu 2023-03-11 Wayback Machine
↑ Linda Pomerantz-Zhang: Wu Tingfang (1842–1922): Reform and Modernization in Modern Chinese History, s. 255. Hong Kong University Press, 1992. ISBN 962209287X Teoksen verkkoversio. Arkistoitu March 11, 2023.
↑ Taylor, Jay: The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the struggle for modern China, s. 32. Harvard University Press, April 15, 2009. ISBN 978-0-674-05471-4
↑ Stanley Walker, Generalissimo Rafael L. Trujillo (1955) Caribbean Library
↑ A short history of Germany. Ernest Flagg Henderson, 1908
↑ Tilly und Wallenstein – ein Vergleich zweier Heerführer. Harry Horstmann, 2010.
↑ Chadwick, Bruce: George Washington's War: The Forging of a Revolutionary Leader and the American Presidency, s. 40. Sourcebooks, Inc., 2005. ISBN 9781402226106 Teoksen verkkoversio. Arkistoitu March 11, 2023.
↑ Public Law 94-479 of January 19, 1976
↑ Moore, Frederick: Chang Tso-lin Made Dictator in Move to Beat Back South. The New York Times, June 18, 1927. Artikkelin verkkoversio. Arkistoitu August 18, 2020.

Aiheesta muualla

Kuvia tai muita tiedostoja aiheesta Generalissimus Wikimedia Commonsissa

[Sanakirja-1] Wiberg, Matti: Politiikan sanakirja, s. 119. (Toimittanut Kalevi Koukkunen) Helsinki: Kustannusosakeyhtiö Siltala, 2011. ISBN 978-952-234-048-1

[2] énéralissime Portail Lexical, Lexicographie, Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales (ranskaksi)

[3] Adolf Johan sok.riksarkivet.se. Viitattu 13.9.2023.

[4] Barton, Sir Dunbar (1925). Bernadotte Prince and King. P. 39. John Murray, London.

[5] Barton, Sir Dunbar (1925). Bernadotte Prince and King. P. 127. John Murray, London.

[svj-6] Malline:In lang Ancienneté och Rang-Rulla öfver Krigsmagten år 1813

[7] Barton, Sir Dunbar (1925). Bernadotte Prince and King. P. 4. John Murray, London.

[8] Karl X Gustav sok.riksarkivet.se. Viitattu 18.9.2023.

[9] Rapin de Thoyras (M., Paul): The History of England, s. 562. IV, part 1 (French original: Histoire d'Angleterre, 1724–27) J. and P. Knapton, 1745. Teoksen verkkoversio. Arkistoitu March 11, 2023.

[10] John McGroarty :The Gray Man of Christ: Generalissimo Foch (1919) Los Angeles, Walter A Abbott

[11] Andermann, Jens; Rowe, William: Images of Power: Iconography, Culture and the State in Latin America, s. 176. Berghahn Books, 2006. ISBN 9781845452124 Teoksen verkkoversio. Arkistoitu March 11, 2023.

[franciscof-12] "Franco of Iberia". Time, October 18, 1943. cover.

[13] Pock, Johann Joseph: Der politische, katholische Passagier, durchreisend alle hohe Höfe, Republiquen, Herrschafften und Länder der ganzen Welt, s. 832. Brechenmacher, 1724. Teoksen verkkoversio. Arkistoitu.

[Roper1998-14] 1 2 Roper, Michael: The Records of the War Office and Related Departments, 1660–1964, s. 5. Kew, Surrey: Public Record Office, 1998.

[15] Rapin de Thoyras (M., Paul): The History of England, s. 104. IV, part 1 (French original: Histoire d'Angleterre, 1724–27) J. and P. Knapton, 1745. Teoksen verkkoversio. Arkistoitu March 11, 2023.

[dhdm-16] Comunica Miguel Hidalgo su proclamaci n como General simo de Am rica Arkistoitu 2015-09-23 Wayback Machine. Documentos Historicos de Mexico, October 24, 1810.

[17] Bix, Herbert P.: Hirohito And The Making Of Modern Japan. Harper Collins, 13 October 2009. ISBN 978-0-06-186047-8 Teoksen verkkoversio. Arkistoitu June 4, 2022. (englanniksi)

[18] Anna, Timothy E.: The Rule of Agustin de Iturbide: A Reappraisal. Journal of Latin American Studies, 1985, 17. vsk, nro 1, s. 79–110. doi:10.1017/S0022216X00009202 ISSN 0022-216X JSTOR:157498 S2CID:145054515

[19] Doughty, Robert A.: Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War, s. 232. Harvard University Press, 30 June 2009. ISBN 978-0-674-03431-0 Teoksen verkkoversio. Arkistoitu July 8, 2022. (englanniksi)

[1886Act-20] ”Chapter XXII: Act Act To Organize The Military Forces Of The Kingdom”, Laws of His Majesty Kalakaua, King of the Hawaiian Islands: Passed by the Legislative Assembly at Its Session of 1886, s. 37–41. Honolulu: Black & Auld, 1886. OCLC:42350849 Arkistoitu March 11, 2023.

[21] Peck, Harry Thurston: The International Cyclopedia: A Compendium of Human Knowledge, Rev. with Large Additions, s. 238. Dodd, Mead, 1898. Teoksen verkkoversio. Arkistoitu May 5, 2022. (englanniksi)

[yomuiri-22] The Daily Yomuiri, 29 September 2010, Kim Jong Un spotlighted / 'Heir apparent' promoted to general, makes DPRK media debut yomiuri.co.jp. Arkistoitu October 2, 2010. Viitattu September 30, 2010.

[VOA2012-23] 1 2 Late North Korean Leader Promoted to Generalissimo. Voice of America, 14 February 2012. Artikkelin verkkoversio. Arkistoitu May 8, 2022. (englanniksi)

[kimj-24] The Australian, 15 February 2012, Late Kim Jong-il awarded highest honour by North TheAustralian. Arkistoitu February 17, 2012. Viitattu February 15, 2012.

[25] Rapin de Thoyras (M., Paul): The History of England, s. 68. IV, part 1 (French original: Histoire d'Angleterre, 1724–27) J. and P. Knapton, 1745. ”But an unexpected alteration was suddenly made, and the French King declared the Duke of Burgundy Generalissimo of his forces, appointing the Duke de Vendosme [sic: Vendôme] to serve under him; and he was to be accompanied by the Duke of Berry.” Teoksen verkkoversio. Arkistoitu March 11, 2023.

[Jena96-26] "Menschikow und Stalin waren die einzigen Heerführer der russischen Geschichte, die sich 'Generalissimus' nennen ließen." [Menshikov and Stalin were the only military leaders in Russian history who declared themselves "generalissimus".] Jena, Detlev (1996): Die russischen Zaren in Lebensbildern, Graz, p. 520.

[27] Inauguration of the exhibition José María Morelos y Pavón. Generalissimo of Mexican America armies^{[ vanhentunut linkki ]} Noticias – Dirección General de Asuntos internacionales – Secretaría de Cultura. Arkistoitu February 9, 2023. Viitattu 3 July 2022. spanish

[Chirguh-28] Bletch Chirguh, La Question Kurde: ses origines et ses causes, Le Caire, Impimerie Paul Barbey, 1930, front cover, Ihsan Nouri Pacha Généralissime des forces nationales Kurdes

[29] Portrait of Prince Anton Ulrich von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (1714-1774)^{[ vanhentunut linkki ]} 2023. hermitagemuseum.org. Arkistoitu April 10, 2019. Viitattu 14 January 2023.

[30] Joseph Stalin was appointed generalissimus of the Soviet Union. See: Ivan Aleksandrovich Venediktov, Selskokhozyaystvennaya entsiklopediya, Vol. 4, Gos. izd-vo selkhoz, 1956, p. 584. Arkistoitu 2023-03-11 Wayback Machine

[31] Linda Pomerantz-Zhang: Wu Tingfang (1842–1922): Reform and Modernization in Modern Chinese History, s. 255. Hong Kong University Press, 1992. ISBN 962209287X Teoksen verkkoversio. Arkistoitu March 11, 2023.

[Taylor2009-32] Taylor, Jay: The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the struggle for modern China, s. 32. Harvard University Press, April 15, 2009. ISBN 978-0-674-05471-4

[33] Stanley Walker, Generalissimo Rafael L. Trujillo (1955) Caribbean Library

[books.google.de-34] A short history of Germany. Ernest Flagg Henderson, 1908

[ReferenceA-35] Tilly und Wallenstein – ein Vergleich zweier Heerführer. Harry Horstmann, 2010.

[36] Chadwick, Bruce: George Washington's War: The Forging of a Revolutionary Leader and the American Presidency, s. 40. Sourcebooks, Inc., 2005. ISBN 9781402226106 Teoksen verkkoversio. Arkistoitu March 11, 2023.

[PL-Washington-37] Public Law 94-479 of January 19, 1976

[38] Moore, Frederick: Chang Tso-lin Made Dictator in Move to Beat Back South. The New York Times, June 18, 1927. Artikkelin verkkoversio. Arkistoitu August 18, 2020.