(en) James Francis McAlpine, «Phylogeny and Classification of the Muscomorpha», dans A. Borkent, J.F. McAlpine, D.M. Wood, N.E. Woodley, Manual of Nearctic Diptera, Volume 3, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada (no32), (ISBN0-660-12961-2, lire en ligne), p.1397-1518.