Hell Town

Hell Town é o nome dado a uma antiga aldeia dos Lenape (ou Delaware), um povo nativo estadunidense, que ficava no Clear Creek, perto da cidade abandonada de Newville [en], no estado de Ohio, nos Estados Unidos. A aldeia se localizava em uma colina alta ao norte do encontro do Clear Creek com o Black Fork [en], um afluente do rio Mohican [en].

Os Lenape se mudaram para a aldeia na década de 1770, depois de serem expulsos de suas terras originais (em Delaware, Nova Jérsia, Nova Iorque e Pensilvânia) por causa do Tratado de Easton [en] de 1758. Eles chamavam a aldeia de Clear Town, por causa do riacho cristalino que corria perto dali. No entanto, eles mudaram o nome para Hell Town quando descobriram que "hell" era a palavra alemã para "claro".

A aldeia foi desocupada em 1782 por causa dos constantes conflitos com as tropas e os colonos estadunidenses, que estavam indignados com os Lenape porque alguns deles haviam se juntado aos britânicos durante a Revolução Americana. A violência atingiu o ápice no massacre de Gnadenhutten [en] de 1782, no qual a milícia americana matou 96 Lenape.

Referências

1 2 3 Case, "Description of Mounds and Earthworks in Ashland County, Ohio," in Miscellaneous Papers Relating to Anthropology, 1883, p. 74.
↑ Roeber and Kade, Ethnographies and Exchanges: Native Americans, Moravians, and Catholics in Early North America, 2008, p. 159.
↑ Keenan, Encyclopedia of American Indian Wars, 1492-1890, 1999, p. 234; Moore, The Northwest Under Three Flags, 1635-1796, 1900, p. 151.
↑ Wheeler-Voegelin and Tanner, Indians of Northern Ohio and Southeastern Michigan: An Ethnohistorical Report, 1974, p. 159.
↑ Howe, Historical Collections of Ohio..., 1896, p. 256.
↑ Olmstead, Blackcoats Among the Delaware: David Zeisberger on the Ohio Frontier, 1991, p. 54-55; Schonberg, Ohio Native Peoples, 2010, p. 25; Sisson, The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia, 2006, p. 1744-1745.

Bibliografia

Case, H.B. "Description of Mounds and Earthworks in Ashland County, Ohio." In Miscellaneous Papers Relating to Anthropology. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1883.
Cherry, Peter Peterson. The Portage Path. Akron, Ohio: The Western Reserve Company, 1911.
Howe, Henry. Historical Collections of Ohio: Containing a Collection of the Most Interesting Facts, Traditions, Biographical Sketches, Anecdotes, Etc. Relating to Its Counties, Principal Towns and Villages. Norwalk, Ohio: Laning Printing Co., 1896.
Jennings, Francis and McNickle, D'Arcy. The History and Culture of Iroquois Diplomacy. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1985.
Keenan, Jerry. Encyclopedia of American Indian Wars, 1492-1890. Nova Iorque: W.W. Norton, 1999.
Moore, Charles. The Northwest Under Three Flags, 1635-1796. Nova Iorque: Harper and Bros., 1900.
Olmstead, Earl P. Blackcoats Among the Delaware: David Zeisberger on the Ohio Frontier. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1991.
Roeber, A.G. and Kade, Max. Ethnographies and Exchanges: Native Americans, Moravians, and Catholics in Early North America. University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2008.
Schonberg, Marcia. Ohio Native Peoples. Chicago, Ill.: Heinemann Library, 2010.
Sisson, Richard. The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 2006.
Wheeler-Voegelin, Erminie and Tanner, Helen Hornbeck. Indians of Northern Ohio and Southeastern Michigan: An Ethnohistorical Report. Nova Iorque: Garland Publishing, 1974.

[Case-1] 1 2 3 Case, "Description of Mounds and Earthworks in Ashland County, Ohio," in Miscellaneous Papers Relating to Anthropology, 1883, p. 74.

[2] Roeber and Kade, Ethnographies and Exchanges: Native Americans, Moravians, and Catholics in Early North America, 2008, p. 159.

[3] Keenan, Encyclopedia of American Indian Wars, 1492-1890, 1999, p. 234; Moore, The Northwest Under Three Flags, 1635-1796, 1900, p. 151.

[4] Wheeler-Voegelin and Tanner, Indians of Northern Ohio and Southeastern Michigan: An Ethnohistorical Report, 1974, p. 159.

[5] Howe, Historical Collections of Ohio..., 1896, p. 256.

[6] Olmstead, Blackcoats Among the Delaware: David Zeisberger on the Ohio Frontier, 1991, p. 54-55; Schonberg, Ohio Native Peoples, 2010, p. 25; Sisson, The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia, 2006, p. 1744-1745.