Acute stress disorder

Acute stress disorder (ASD), also known as acute stress reaction, psychological shock, mental shock (or simply shock) is a psychological response to a terrifying, traumatic, or surprising event. The American Psychiatric Association (APA) introduced it to the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders (DSM-4) in 1994.

Overview

Acute stress disorder is not fatal, but it may bring stress if not treated. ASD typically occurs within one month of a traumatic event. It lasts at least three days and can persist for up to one month. People with ASD have symptoms similar to those seen in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Patients with acute stress disorder may benefit from psychological first aid. This offers practical assistance and helps the patient get social support and other services.

Symptoms

ASD symptoms fall under five broad categories:

• Negative mood: A person may experience negative thoughts, sadness, and low mood
• Intrusion symptoms: These occur when a person is unable to stop revisiting a traumatic event via dreams, flashbacks or memories
• Avoidance symptoms: People with these symptoms intentionally avoid thoughts, feelings, people, or places that they associate with the traumatic event
• Dissociative symptoms: These can include an altered sense of reality, a lack of awareness of the surroundings, and an inability to remember parts of the traumatic event
• Arousal symptoms: These can include insomnia and other sleep disturbances, difficulty concentrating, and irritability or aggression, which can be either verbal or physical. The person may also feel tense or on guard and become startled very easily

Causes

A traumatic event can cause significant physical, emotional, or psychological harm.

• car accidents
• natural disasters
• the death of a loved one
• receiving a terminal diagnosis
• surviving a traumatic brain injury
• the threat of death or serious injury
• sexual assault, rape, or domestic abuse

References

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