A chemical burn is a painful sensation caused by body tissue being destroyed. Various chemicals can create this type of burn.
For example, concentrated sulfuric acid causes severe chemical burns. Hydrochloric acid makes milder burns.
There are several ways to protect against chemical burns, such as wearing gloves and a lab apron when working with chemicals. Each chemical has its own way to remove it from the skin, but normally drenching the burn with water should help.