Lanmi (Meitei culture)

A Classical Meitei sculpture of an ancient Meitei cavalry soldier, trying to throw an Arambai weapon backwards (traditionally towards the pursuing enemies), while riding on a galloping Meitei horse (Manipuri pony)
Sculptures of Meitei prince Daku Ningthou Sana Herachandra, riding a Meitei horse and holding an Arambai poisoned dart-like weapon, and King Nara Singh (standing)

Lanmi (ꯂꯥꯟꯃꯤ), also spelled as Lanmee, refers to the traditional warrior class in Ancient Kangleipak, the early realm of modern day Manipur, a region in northeast India with a long and rich martial history. The term Lanmi translates to "man of war" or "warrior" in the Meitei language. The institution of Lanmi played a central role in Manipur’s military system and cultural heritage, especially during its time as an independent kingdom before its integration into Republic of India.

Historical background

A classical Meitei sculpture of King Gambhir Singh

Manipur was historically an independent kingdom ruled by Meitei monarchs. Its strategic location and frequent conflicts made it necessary for the kingdom to develop a strong and well-organized military force. The foundation of the Lanmi system coincided with the establishment of a centralized administrative structure, notably during the reign of King Meidingu Punshiba (1404–1432).

The military department created under Punshiba was called Shingchep Meira Haijouroi (Torch Swingers). The Lanmis served the king during royal processions and also took part in battles. They carried traditional arms such as swords, spears, and shields and also had ceremonial roles during peace times.

Roles and duties

In times of war, Lanmis fought as skilled warriors. During peace, they took on various roles including:

It was customary that husbands of the king’s daughters were not allowed to join the Lanmi ranks. Lanmis also participated in specialized rituals and festivals, including Ayang Chatpa, which involved religious offerings and taboos.

Military organization

Depiction of royal horsemen guarding a Meitei king, being carried on a howdah, by the imperial elephants

Under King Garibaniwaj (1709–1748)

The military of Manipur reached its peak during King Garibaniwaj’s rule. He established a formal military structure with three main branches:

1. Khong Lanmi (Infantry):

2. Sagol Lanmi (Cavalry):

3. Hi Lanmi (Boat Army):

Statue of Meitei king Meidingu Nara Singh, the Maharajah of Kangleipak

Several departments existed to support the military, each with specialized roles:

A Meitei warrior carrying the lethal Arambai weapons

Rituals connected to war and hunting

Traditional Meitei culture integrated rituals into military life to maintain spiritual balance and honor:

Military rewards and honors

Warriors trying to capture or kill a tiger

Manipur had a structured reward system for warriors and hunters:

Martial omens and predictions

Before going to war, ancient Meiteis practiced various forms of divination:

1. Leichillon Kanglon Yengba: Observing cloud shapes for omens

2. Shaya Miren Yengba: Examining one's shadow or reflection to predict fate in battle

Legacy

A Meitei horseman in Myanmar
A Meitei horse riding warrior in Myanmar

During the monarchical era, martial training and military service were essential for all able-bodied men in Manipur. The Lanmi system not only protected the kingdom but also defined Meitei identity and pride.

In modern times, these traditions have largely faded, but there is growing interest in preserving and reviving Manipur's ancient martial culture. Many scholars and cultural activists advocate for teaching the younger generations about the martial heritage of the Lanmi and its role in shaping Manipur’s history.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Singha, H Rajmani (2023). "Military Administration of Manipur". International Journal of Research in Social Sciences. Assam University, Silchar. US: International Journal of Research in Social Sciences (Vol. 13 Issue 08, August 2023). pp. 220–228. ISSN 2249-2496.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Singh, Moirangthem Boby (2024). "Martial Tradition of Manipur: A Historical Perspective | Volume 2 | Issue 8 | August 2024". The Academic. Department of History, Manipur University. India: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research. pp. 219–224.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "MILITARY ORGANIZATION OF THE ANCIENT KINGDOM OF MANIPUR (by Mk. Washima Begum, Subhaarati Oinam, Sougrakpam Dharmen Singh)". ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts. pp. 123–129. ISSN 2582-7472.