Most distant things

This article lists the most distant things known to us, all of which are galaxies or energy sources inside galaxies. Their distances are described in two ways. redshift = z, and billion light years (Gly).

As of 2012, there are only about 50 possible objects z=8 or farther, and another 100 z=7 candidates. Candidates vary in their notability, so not everything is included here. 1 Gly = 1 billion light-years = 10⁹ ly.

Examples of the most distant things
Name	Redshift (z)	Distance (Gly)	Type	Notes
F200DB-045	z = 20.4	13.725	Galaxy
JADES-GS-z14-0	z = 14.32		Galaxy
HD1	z = 13.27	13.579	Galaxy
JADES-GS-z13-0	z = 13.20	13.576	Galaxy or dark star	Possibly a dark star.
GN-z11	z = 10.6034	13.39	Galaxy	Confirmed galaxy
EGSY8p7	z = 8.68	13.23	Galaxy	Confirmed galaxy
EGSY8p7 Star 22	z = 8.68	13.23	Star	A yellow hypergiant and is the most distant known star.
GRB 090423	z = 8.2	13.18	Gamma-ray burst
EGS-zs8-1	z = 7.73	13.13	Galaxy	Confirmed galaxy
z7 GSD 3811	z = 7.66	13.11	Galaxy	galaxy
z8 GND 5296	z≅ 7.51	13.1	Galaxy	Note the discrepancy between distance and red-shift.
UDFj-39546284	z≅11.9	13.37	Protogalaxy	This is a protogalaxy.
MACS0647-JD	z≅10.8	13.3	Galaxy or protogalaxy	Candidate most distant galaxy.
MACS J1149-JD	z≅9.6	13.2	Galaxy or protogalaxy
GRB 090429B	z≅9.4	13.14	Gamma-ray burst/progenitor/remnant
UDFy-33436598	z≅8.6		Galaxy or protogalaxy
GRB 090423	z≅8.2	13.035	Gamma-ray burst/progenitor/remnant
BoRG-58	z≅8		Cluster or protocluster	Protocluster candidate
A1689-zD1	z≅7.6	13	Galaxy or protogalaxy	Galaxy
SXDF-NB1006-2	z≅7.215	12.91	Galaxy or protogalaxy	Galaxy
GN-108036	z≅7.213	12.91	Galaxy or protogalaxy	Galaxy
BDF-3299	z=7.109	12.9	Galaxy or protogalaxy, spectroscopic redshift.	Vanzella et al. (2011), ApJ,730,35
ULAS J1120+0641	z≅7.085	12.9	Quasar
A1703 zD6	z≅7.045	12.89	Galaxy or protogalaxy
BDF-521	z=7.008	12.89	Galaxy or protogalaxy, spectroscopic redshift.	Vanzella et al. (2011), ApJ,730,35
IOK-1	z≅6.964	12.88	Galaxy or protogalaxy
LAE J095950.99+021219.1	z≅6.944		Galaxy or protogalaxy	Lyman-alpha emitter—Faint Galaxy
PSO J172.3556+18.7734	z = 6.82		Quasar (Astrophysical jet)
Earendel	z = 6.2		Star	Blue hypergiant.

UDFy-38135539 is the furthest confirmed object (spectroscopically analysed) at 13.1 Gly.

Related pages

Galaxy
List of galaxies
IC 1101: the largest known galaxy, with about 100 trillion stars.

References

↑ "Hubble pinpoints furthest protocluster of galaxies ever seen". ESA/Hubble Press Release. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
1 2 FirstGalaxies, Our latest results
↑ "A Remarkably luminous galaxy at z = 11.1 measured with Hubble Space Telescope Grism spectroscopy". The Astrophysical Journal. 819 (2): 129. 2016. arXiv:1603.00461. Bibcode:2016ApJ...819..129O. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/819/2/129. S2CID 119262750. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
↑ "Lyman-alpha emission from a luminous z = 8.68 galaxy: implications for galaxies as tracers of cosmic reionization". The Astrophysical Journal. 810 (1): L12. 2015. arXiv:1507.02679. Bibcode:2015ApJ...810L..12Z. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/810/1/L12. S2CID 11524667. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
↑ NASA, New gamma-ray burst smashes cosmic distance record Archived 2011-03-10 at the Wayback Machine, 28 April 2009
↑ Tanvir N.R.; et al. (2009). "A gamma-ray burst at a redshift of z~8.2". Nature. 461 (7268): 1254–1257. arXiv:0906.1577. Bibcode:2009Natur.461.1254T. doi:10.1038/nature08459. PMID 19865165. S2CID 205218350.
↑ "A Spectroscopic Redshift Measurement for a Luminous Lyman Break Galaxy at z = 7.730 using Keck/MOSFIRE". The Astrophysical Journal. 804 (2): L30. 2015. arXiv:1502.05399. Bibcode:2015ApJ...804L..30O. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/804/2/L30. S2CID 55115344. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
↑ Song M; et al. (2016). "KECK/MOSFIRE SPECTROSCOPY OFz= 7–8 GALAXIES: LyαEMISSION FROM a GALAXY ATz= 7.66". The Astrophysical Journal. 826 (2): 113. arXiv:1602.02160. Bibcode:2016ApJ...826..113S. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/826/2/113. S2CID 51806693.
↑ Finkelstein S.L. et al 2013. A galaxy rapidly forming stars 700 million years after the Big Bang at redshift 7.51". Nature. 502: 524.
↑ Wall, Mike (December 12, 2012). "Ancient galaxy may be most distant ever seen". Space.com. Retrieved December 12, 2012. 13.75 Big Bang - 0.38 = 13.37
↑ HubbleSite, "NASA's Hubble finds most distant galaxy candidate ever seen in Universe", STScI-2011-05, 26 January 2011
↑ information@eso.org. "Hubble spots three magnified views of most distant known galaxy". www.spacetelescope.org. Archived from the original on 2017-12-04. Retrieved 2019-02-15.
↑ "CLASH: Three Strongly Lensed Images of a Candidate z ~ 11 Galaxy - BibSonomy". www.bibsonomy.org.
↑ "NASA - NASA Telescopes Spy Ultra-Distant Galaxy". www.nasa.gov. 18 September 2012.
↑ Zheng W. et al 2012. A magnified young galaxy from about 500 million years after the Big Bang. Nature 489 (7416): 406–408.
↑ Penn State SCIENCE, "Cosmic explosion is new candidate for most distant object in the Universe" Archived 2017-10-28 at the Wayback Machine, Derek. B. Fox , Barbara K. Kennedy , 25 May 2011
↑ Space Daily, Explosion helps researcher spot Universe's most distant object, 27 May 2011
↑ "The Hubble eXtreme Deep Field (annotated)". sci.esa.int.
↑ NASA, "New gamma-ray burst smashes cosmic distance record" Archived 2011-03-10 at the Wayback Machine, 28 April 2009
↑ Trenti, Michele; Bradley, L. D.; Stiavelli, M.; Shull, J. M.; Oesch, P.; Bouwens, R. J.; Muñoz, J. A.; Romano-Diaz, E.; Treu, T.; Shlosman, I.; Carollo, C. M. (1 February 2012). "Overdensities of Y-dropout Galaxies from the Brightest-of-Reionizing Galaxies Survey: A Candidate Protocluster at Redshift z ≈ 8". The Astrophysical Journal. 746 (1): 55. arXiv:1110.0468. Bibcode:2012ApJ...746...55T. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/746/1/55. S2CID 119294290 – via NASA ADS.
↑ "heic0805: Hubble finds strong contender for galaxy distance record". ESA/Hubble. 2008-02-12. Archived from the original on 8 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-04.
↑ "TMT - SXDF-NB1006-2". Archived from the original on 2013-05-24. Retrieved 2013-09-06.
1 2 3 4 "Press Release - Discovery of the Most Distant Galaxy in the Cosmic Dawn - Subaru Telescope". www.subarutelescope.org. Archived from the original on 2019-06-04. Retrieved 2019-02-15.
↑ "NASA - NASA Telescopes Help Find Rare Galaxy at Dawn of Time". www.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2017-06-09. Retrieved 2019-02-15.
↑ information@eso.org. "Most Distant Quasar Found". www.eso.org.
↑ Scientific American, "Brilliant, but distant: most far-flung known quasar offers glimpse into early universe", John Matson, 29 June 2011
↑ Rhoads; et al. (2012). "A Lyα GALAXY AT REDSHIFT z = 6.944 IN THE COSMOS FIELD". The Astrophysical Journal. 752 (2): L28. arXiv:1205.3161v1. Bibcode:2012ApJ...752L..28R. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/752/2/L28. S2CID 118383532.
↑ https://arxiv.org/PS_cache/astro-ph/pdf/0209/0209205v2.pdf
↑ Uson, Juan M.; et al. (1990). "The central galaxy in Abell 2029 – an old supergiant". Science. 250 (4980): 539–540. Bibcode:1990Sci...250..539U. doi:10.1126/science.250.4980.539. PMID 17751483. S2CID 23362384.

[Hubble_protocluster-1] "Hubble pinpoints furthest protocluster of galaxies ever seen". ESA/Hubble Press Release. Retrieved 13 January 2012.

[fg-2] 1 2 FirstGalaxies, Our latest results

[3] "A Remarkably luminous galaxy at z = 11.1 measured with Hubble Space Telescope Grism spectroscopy". The Astrophysical Journal. 819 (2): 129. 2016. arXiv:1603.00461. Bibcode:2016ApJ...819..129O. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/819/2/129. S2CID 119262750. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)

[4] "Lyman-alpha emission from a luminous z = 8.68 galaxy: implications for galaxies as tracers of cosmic reionization". The Astrophysical Journal. 810 (1): L12. 2015. arXiv:1507.02679. Bibcode:2015ApJ...810L..12Z. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/810/1/L12. S2CID 11524667. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)

[5] NASA, New gamma-ray burst smashes cosmic distance record Archived 2011-03-10 at the Wayback Machine, 28 April 2009

[Tanvir2009-6] Tanvir N.R.; et al. (2009). "A gamma-ray burst at a redshift of z~8.2". Nature. 461 (7268): 1254–1257. arXiv:0906.1577. Bibcode:2009Natur.461.1254T. doi:10.1038/nature08459. PMID 19865165. S2CID 205218350.

[7] "A Spectroscopic Redshift Measurement for a Luminous Lyman Break Galaxy at z = 7.730 using Keck/MOSFIRE". The Astrophysical Journal. 804 (2): L30. 2015. arXiv:1502.05399. Bibcode:2015ApJ...804L..30O. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/804/2/L30. S2CID 55115344. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)

[8] Song M; et al. (2016). "KECK/MOSFIRE SPECTROSCOPY OFz= 7–8 GALAXIES: LyαEMISSION FROM a GALAXY ATz= 7.66". The Astrophysical Journal. 826 (2): 113. arXiv:1602.02160. Bibcode:2016ApJ...826..113S. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/826/2/113. S2CID 51806693.

[9] Finkelstein S.L. et al 2013. A galaxy rapidly forming stars 700 million years after the Big Bang at redshift 7.51". Nature. 502: 524.

[Space-20121212-10] Wall, Mike (December 12, 2012). "Ancient galaxy may be most distant ever seen". Space.com. Retrieved December 12, 2012. 13.75 Big Bang - 0.38 = 13.37

[STScI-2011-05-11] HubbleSite, "NASA's Hubble finds most distant galaxy candidate ever seen in Universe", STScI-2011-05, 26 January 2011

[heic-12] rmation@eso.org. "Hubble spots three magnified views of most distant known galaxy". www.spacetelescope.org. Archived from the original on 2017-12-04. Retrieved 2019-02-15.

[13] "CLASH: Three Strongly Lensed Images of a Candidate z ~ 11 Galaxy - BibSonomy". www.bibsonomy.org.

[14] "NASA - NASA Telescopes Spy Ultra-Distant Galaxy". www.nasa.gov. 18 September 2012.

[zheng2012-15] Zheng W. et al 2012. A magnified young galaxy from about 500 million years after the Big Bang. Nature 489 (7416): 406–408.

[PennState-2011-05-25-16] Penn State SCIENCE, "Cosmic explosion is new candidate for most distant object in the Universe" Archived 2017-10-28 at the Wayback Machine, Derek. B. Fox , Barbara K. Kennedy , 25 May 2011

[SD-2011-05-27-17] Space Daily, Explosion helps researcher spot Universe's most distant object, 27 May 2011

[eso-18] "The Hubble eXtreme Deep Field (annotated)". sci.esa.int.

[NASA-2009-04-28-19] NASA, "New gamma-ray burst smashes cosmic distance record" Archived 2011-03-10 at the Wayback Machine, 28 April 2009

[20] Trenti, Michele; Bradley, L. D.; Stiavelli, M.; Shull, J. M.; Oesch, P.; Bouwens, R. J.; Muñoz, J. A.; Romano-Diaz, E.; Treu, T.; Shlosman, I.; Carollo, C. M. (1 February 2012). "Overdensities of Y-dropout Galaxies from the Brightest-of-Reionizing Galaxies Survey: A Candidate Protocluster at Redshift z ≈ 8". The Astrophysical Journal. 746 (1): 55. arXiv:1110.0468. Bibcode:2012ApJ...746...55T. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/746/1/55. S2CID 119294290 – via NASA ADS.

[esa2-21] "heic0805: Hubble finds strong contender for galaxy distance record". ESA/Hubble. 2008-02-12. Archived from the original on 8 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-04.

[xmm-22] "TMT - SXDF-NB1006-2". Archived from the original on 2013-05-24. Retrieved 2013-09-06.

[sub-23] 1 2 3 4 "Press Release - Discovery of the Most Distant Galaxy in the Cosmic Dawn - Subaru Telescope". www.subarutelescope.org. Archived from the original on 2019-06-04. Retrieved 2019-02-15.

[24] "NASA - NASA Telescopes Help Find Rare Galaxy at Dawn of Time". www.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2017-06-09. Retrieved 2019-02-15.

[25] rmation@eso.org. "Most Distant Quasar Found". www.eso.org.

[SciAm-2011-06-29-26] Scientific American, "Brilliant, but distant: most far-flung known quasar offers glimpse into early universe", John Matson, 29 June 2011

[27] Rhoads; et al. (2012). "A Lyα GALAXY AT REDSHIFT z = 6.944 IN THE COSMOS FIELD". The Astrophysical Journal. 752 (2): L28. arXiv:1205.3161v1. Bibcode:2012ApJ...752L..28R. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/752/2/L28. S2CID 118383532.

[28] ttps://arxiv.org/PS_cache/astro-ph/pdf/0209/0209205v2.pdf

[science250_4980_539-29] Uson, Juan M.; et al. (1990). "The central galaxy in Abell 2029 – an old supergiant". Science. 250 (4980): 539–540. Bibcode:1990Sci...250..539U. doi:10.1126/science.250.4980.539. PMID 17751483. S2CID 23362384.