Nastaliq
Nastaliq (pronounced /ˌnæstəˈliːk/ or /ˈnæstəliːk/) (نَسْتَعْلِیق) is a special style of writing used for the Arabic script. It is mainly used for some Indo-Iranian languages like Classical Persian, Kashmiri, Punjabi, and Urdu. It is also sometimes used for Ottoman Turkish poetry, but not often for Arabic itself. Nastaliq was created in Iran around the 13th century, based on an older writing style called naskh. Today, it is still commonly used in Iran, India, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and other countries, especially for writing poetry and in calligraphic art.
Varieties of Nastaliq (alphabets)
Persian
| Letter | Romanization | IPA |
|---|---|---|
| ا | ā, a, (e), o, - | /ɑ/, /ə/, /e/, /o/, /∅/ |
| ب | b | /b/ |
| پ | p | /p/ |
| ت | t | /t/ |
| ث | (s) | /s/ |
| ج | j | /d͡ʒ/ |
| چ | č | /t͡ʃ/ |
| ح | (h) | /h/ |
| خ | x | /x/ |
| د | d | /d/ |
| ذ | (z) | /z/ |
| ر | r | /ɾ/ |
| ز | z | /z/ |
| ژ | c/ts | /ʒ/ |
| س | s | /s/ |
| ش | š | /ʃ/ |
| ص | (s) | /s/ |
| ض | (z) | /z/ |
| ط | (t) | /t/ |
| ظ | (z) | /z/ |
| ع | (ā), (a), (e), (o), (-) | /ɑ/, /ə/, /e/, /o/, /∅/ |
| غ | ǧ | /ʁ~ɢ/ |
| ف | f | /pʰ~f/ |
| ق | q | /q/ |
| ک | k | /k/ |
| گ | g | /ɡ/ |
| ل | l | /l/, (/ɭ/), (/ɫ/) |
| م | m | /m/ |
| ن | n | /n/ |
| و | w, u | /w/, /u/ |
| ه | h | /h/ |
| ی | y, i | /j/, /i/ |
Urdu
| Letter | Romanization | IPA |
|---|---|---|
| ا | ā, a, (e), o, - | /ɑ/, /ə/, /e/, /o/, /∅/ |
| ب | b | /b/ |
| پ | p | /p/ |
| ت | t | /t/ |
| ٹ | ṭ | /ʈ/ |
| ث | (s) | /s/ |
| ج | j | /d͡ʒ/ |
| چ | č | /t͡ʃ/ |
| ح | (h) | /h/ |
| خ | x | /x/ |
| د | d | /d/ |
| ڈ | ḍ | /ɖ/ |
| ذ | (z) | /z/ |
| ر | r | /ɾ/ |
| ڑ | ṛ | /ɽ/ |
| ز | z | /z/ |
| ژ | ž | /ʒ/ |
| س | s | /s/ |
| ش | š | /ʃ/ |
| ص | (s) | /s/ |
| ض | (z) | /z/ |
| ط | (t) | /t/ |
| ظ | (z) | /z/ |
| ع | (ā), (a), (e), (o), (-) | /ɑ/, /ə/, /e/, /o/, /∅/ |
| غ | ǧ | /ʁ~ɢ/ |
| ف | f | /pʰ~f/ |
| ق | q | /q/ |
| ک | k | /k/ |
| گ | g | /ɡ/ |
| ل | l | /l/, (/ɭ/), (/ɫ/) |
| م | m | /m/ |
| ن | n | /n/ |
| ں | nun ǧunna | /◌̃/ |
| و | w, u | /w/, /u/ |
| ہ | h | /h/ |
| ھ | _h | /◌ʰ/, /◌ʱ/ |
| ی | y, i | /j/, /i/ |
| ے | e/ay | /e/ |
Punjabi (Shahmukhi)
| No. | Name | IPA | Final glyph | Medial glyph | Initial glyph | Isolated glyph | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | الف | alif | /ɑː,äː, ʔ, ∅/ | ـا | ـا | ا | ا |
| 2 | بے | bē | /b/ | ـب | ـبـ | بـ | ب |
| 3 | پے | pē | /p/ | ـپ | ـپـ | پـ | پ |
| 4 | تے | tē | /t/ | ـت | ـتـ | تـ | ت |
| 5 | ٹے | ṭē | /ʈ/ | ـٹ | ـٹـ | ٹـ | ٹ |
| 6 | ثے | s̱ē | /s/ | ـث | ـثـ | ثـ | ث |
| 7 | جيم | jīma | /d͡ʒ/ | ـج | ـجـ | جـ | ج |
| 8 | چے | cē | /t͡ʃ/ | ـچ | ـچـ | چـ | چ |
| 9 | وڈّی حے | waḍḍi ḥē | /ɦ/ | ـح | ـحـ | حـ | ح |
| 10 | خے | k͟hē | /x/ | ـخ | ـخـ | خـ | خ |
| 11 | دال | dāla | /d/ | ـد | ـد | د | د |
| 12 | ڈال | ḍāla | /ɖ/ | ـڈ | ـڈ | ڈ | ڈ |
| 13 | ذال | ẕāla | /z/ | ـذ | ـذ | ذ | ذ |
| 14 | رے | rē | /r/ | ـر | ـر | ر | ر |
| 15 | ڑے | ṛē | /ɽ/ | ـڑ | ـڑ | ڑ | ڑ |
| 16 | زے | zē | /z/ | ـز | ـز | ز | ز |
| 17 | ژے | zhē | /ʒ/ | ـژ | ـژ | ژ | ژ |
| 18 | سین | sīna | /s/ | ـس | ـسـ | سـ | س |
| 19 | شین | shīna | /ʃ/ | ـش | ـشـ | شـ | ش |
| 20 | صاد | ṣwāda | /s/ | ـص | ـصـ | صـ | ص |
| 21 | ضاد | ẓwāda | /z/ | ـض | ـضـ | ضـ | ض |
| 22 | طوۓ | t̤oʼē | /t/ | ـط | ـطـ | طـ | ط |
| 23 | ظوۓ | z̤oʼē | /z/ | ـظ | ـظـ | ظـ | ظ |
| 24 | عین | ʻaina | /ə,ɑː,ɪ,iː,u,uː,oː,ɔː,eː,ɛː, ʔ, ∅/ | ـع | ـعـ | عـ | ع |
| 25 | غین | g͟haina | /ɣ/ | ـغ | ـغـ | غـ | غ |
| 26 | فے | fē | /f/ | ـف | ـفـ | فـ | ف |
| 27 | قاف | qāfa | /q/ | ـق | ـقـ | قـ | ق |
| 28 | کاف | kāfa | /k/ | ـک | ـکـ | کـ | ک |
| 29 | گاف | gāfa | /ɡ/ | ـگ | ـگـ | گـ | گ |
| 30 | لام | lāma | /l/ | ـل | ـلـ | لـ | ل |
| 31 | لؕام | ḷāma | /ɭ/ | ـلؕ | ـلؕـ | لؕـ | لؕ |
| 32 | میم | mīma | /m/ | ـم | ـمـ | مـ | م |
| 33 | نون | nūna | /n, ɲ/ | ـن | ـنـ | نـ | ن |
| 34 | ݨون | ṇūṇa | /ɳ/ | ـݨ | ـݨـ | ݨـ | ݨ |
| 35 | نون غنّہ | nūn ġunnah | /◌̃, ŋ/ | ـں | ـن٘ـ | ن٘ـ | ں
(ن٘)
|
| 36 | واؤ | wāʼoa | /ʋ, uː, ʊ, oː, ɔː/ | ـو | ـو | و | و |
| 37 | نکی ہے گول ہے |
choṭī hē gol hē |
/ɦ, ɑː, e:/ | ـہ | ـہـ | ہـ | ہ |
| 38 | دو چشمی ہے | do-cashmī hē | /ʰ/ or /ʱ/ | ـھ | ـھـ | ھ | ھ |
| 39 | ہمزہ | hamzah | /ʔ/, /∅/ | ء | ء | ء | ء |
| 40 | چھوٹی يے | choṭī yē | /j, iː/ | ـی | ـیـ | یـ | ی |
| 41 | وڈّی يے | waḍḍi yē | /ɛː, eː/ | ـے | ـے | ے | ے |
Pashto
| Letter | Romanization | IPA |
|---|---|---|
| ا | ā, a, (e), o, - | /ɑ/, /ə/, /e/, /o/, /∅/ |
| ب | b | /b/ |
| پ | p | /p/ |
| ت | t | /t/ |
| ټ | ṭ | /ʈ/ |
| ث | (s) | /s/ |
| ج | j | /d͡ʒ/ |
| چ | č | /t͡ʃ/ |
| ح | (h) | /h/ |
| خ | x | /x/ |
| څ | ṡ | /t͡s/ |
| ځ | ż | /d͡z/ |
| د | d | /d/ |
| ډ | ḍ | /ɖ/ |
| ذ | (z) | /z/ |
| ر | r | /ɾ/ |
| ړ | ṛ | /ɽ/ |
| ز | z | /z/ |
| ژ | ž | /ʒ/ |
| س | s | /s/ |
| ش | š | /ʃ/ |
| ص | (s) | /s/ |
| ض | (z) | /z/ |
| ط | (t) | /t/ |
| ظ | (z) | /z/ |
| ع | (ā), (a), (e), (o), (-) | /ɑ/, /ə/, /e/, /o/, /∅/ |
| غ | ǧ | /ʁ~ɢ/ |
| ف | f | /pʰ~f/ |
| ق | q | /q/ |
| ک | k | /k/ |
| ګ | g | /ɡ/ |
| ل | l | /l/, (/ɭ/), (/ɫ/) |
| م | m | /m/ |
| ن | n | /n/ |
| ڼ | ṇ | /ɳ/ |
| ں | ṉ | / ̃/ |
| و | w, u | /w/, /u/ |
| ه | h | /h/ |
| ۀ | ə | /ə/ |
| ی | y, i | /j/, /i/ |
| ې | e | /e/ |
| ے | ay | /ai/ |
| ۍ | ạy | /əi/ |
| ئ | y | /əi/ |
Kashmiri
| Letter | Romanization | IPA |
|---|---|---|
| ا | ā, a, (e), o, - | /ɑ/, /ə/, /e/, /o/, /∅/ |
| ب | b | /b/ |
| پ | p | /p/ |
| ت | t | /t/ |
| ٹ | ṭ | /ʈ/ |
| ث | (s) | /s/ |
| ج | j | /d͡ʒ/ |
| چ | č | /t͡ʃ/ |
| ح | (h) | /h/ |
| خ | x | /x/ |
| د | d | /d/ |
| ڈ | ḍ | /ɖ/ |
| ذ | (z) | /z/ |
| ر | r | /ɾ/ |
| ڑ | ṛ | /ɽ/ |
| ز | z | /z/ |
| ژ | ž | /ts/ |
| س | s | /s/ |
| ش | š | /ʃ/ |
| ص | (s) | /s/ |
| ض | (z) | /z/ |
| ط | (t) | /t/ |
| ظ | (z) | /z/ |
| ع | (ā), (a), (e), (o), (-) | /ɑ/, /ə/, /e/, /o/, /∅/ |
| غ | ǧ | /ʁ~ɢ/ |
| ف | f | /pʰ~f/ |
| ق | q/k | /q/, /k/ |
| ک | k | /k/ |
| گ | g | /ɡ/ |
| ل | l | /l/, (/ɭ/), (/ɫ/) |
| م | m | /m/ |
| ن | n | /n/ |
| ں | ṇ | / ̃/ |
| و | w, u | /w/, /u/ |
| ۆ | v | /v/ |
| ۄ | o | /o/ |
| ہ | h | /h/ |
| ھ | _h | /◌ʰ/, /◌ʱ/ |
| ی | y | /j/, /i/ |
| ؠ | 'y | /ʲa/, /ʲ/ |
| ے | e | /e/ |
References
- ↑ "Nastaliq". Lexico Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on March 28, 2022. Retrieved 2020-07-05.
- ↑ Atif Gulzar; Shafiq ur Rahman (2007). "Nastaleeq: A challenge accepted by Omega" (PDF). TUGboat. 29: 1–6.
- ↑ Delacy 2003, p. XV–XVI.
- 1 2 Rarely used in literature, except when a distinction between the pronunciation of the non-retroflex character is needed
Other websites
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nastaliq.
- Rumicode: Online Service For Nastaliq Calligraphy
- Nastaliq Online Archived 2021-04-13 at the Wayback Machine: Online Service For Nastaliq Calligraphy
- Nastaliq Writer for Macintosh by SIL
- Faiz Nastaliq: Official Faiz Nastaliq site
- Nastaliq Script | Persian Calligraphy
- Awami Nastaliq: A Nastaliq font by SIL International
