Dark energy

Dark energy is the name given to the force that is believed to accelerate the expansion of the universe. Distant galaxies appear to be moving away from us at high speed: the idea is that the universe is getting bigger and has been since the Big Bang. Measurements are now accurate enough to allow astronomers to tell that these galaxies seem to be accelerating away from us. The universe is expanding at an increasing rate.

Understanding

Dark energy is the negative energy (suction) of the universal wormhole, sucking tridimensional random-motion "true" vacuum out of baryons and spaghettifying it into the unidimensional bulk-motion "false" vacuum, of which the ambient universal wormhole consists:

In any case, the peculiarities of the quantum mechanics of highly entangled particle pairs seem much less mysterious in this picture, once one swallows the very large pill of the odd metric, essentially a one-dimensional universal wormhole.

—Coyne, D. G. A Scenario for Strong Gravity without Extra Dimensions 2006, p. 31

The vacuum is really an expression of the continuous or noncountable nature of mass-energy (“mass”, as the source of gravity). Continuity, as we will see, automatically makes mass-energy unidimensional and unipolar. <...> It is also responsible for quantum-mechanical nonlocality and the instantaneous transmission of the static gravitational force—though not the acceleration-dependent inertial or GTR component, or the inertial reaction force that we actually measure in systems with localised mass (and with which gravity is often confused).

—Rowlands, Peter. The Nilpotent Dirac Equation and its Applications in Particle Physics 2003, p. 10

The peculiar properties of the false vacuum stem from its pressure, which is large and negative (see box on the right). Mechanically such a negative pressure corresponds to a suction, which does not sound like something that would drive the Universe into a period of rapid expansion.

—Guth, Alan. The Inflationary Universe Beam Line, fall 1997, p. 18

The hypothesis of Inflation was proposed in the 1970s in order to escape the density, smoothness and horizon problems of GR cosmology; and led to the present ΛCDM model. This model suggests that the false vacuum energy on which Inflation depended has not entirely disappeared but continues as a remnant to constitute a significant cosmological component called dark energy.

—Reimer, Albert (ed.). New Developments in Quantum Cosmology Research Nova Publishers, 2005, p. 156

Enter the vacuum at the beginning of the Universe. According to the proponents of inflation, the vacuum possessed an enormous pressure—in fact, a pressure which was both enormous and negative. ‘Negative pressure’ sounds a weird concept but, in fact, it is just the opposite of normal, positive, pressure. Stuff with positive pressure wants to expand, like the air in a balloon. Stuff with negative pressure wants to shrink. If it were possible to fill a balloon with it, the fabric of the balloon would simply be sucked inwards rather than blown outwards.

—Chown, Marcus. The Never-Ending Days of Being Dead: Dispatches from the Front Line of Science Faber & Faber, 2008, p. 11

The negative energy force that moves water is called suction.

—Sachs, Paul D. Dynamics of a Natural Soil System Edaphic Press, 1999, p. 56

The drain hole sucking water toward it is equivalent to the singularity at the center of a black hole sucking space toward it.

—Sen, Paul. Einstein’s Fridge: How the Difference Between Hot and Cold Explains the Universe Simon and Schuster, 2022, p. 228

Consequently, the baryons ("balloons") become deflated, so that from the perspective of a human observer consisting of such shrinking baryons, the ambient universal wormhole swells up (inflates) and eventually swallows the universe's baryons:

The only explanation, according to Chaboyer and Krauss, for an accelerating universe is that the energy content of a vacuum is non-zero with a negative pressure, in other words, dark energy. This negative pressure of the vacuum grows in importance as the universe expands and causes the expansion to accelerate.

—‘Dark energy’ Dominates the Universe SpaceRef, 2003 01 02

       The latest theory on how the universe will end involves everything being swallowed by a giant wormhole—a scenario dubbed the ‘Big Trip’.
       According to cosmologist Pedro Gonzalez-Diaz at the Institute of Mathematics and Fundamental Physics, CSIC, Madrid, the gradual inflow of so-called phantom energy into a wormhole could cause it to swell up so much so that it would eventually engulf the entire universe.
       Phantom energy is a hypothetical explanation for dark energy; the puzzling stuff thought to be responsible for the accelerated expansion of the universe. The defining property of phantom energy is that its energy density—the amount of energy per unit volume—increases over time.

—Swarup, Amarendra. Phantom energy may fuel universe-eating wormhole New Scientist, 2005 11 11

       All change is relative. The universe is expanding relatively to our common material standards; our material standards are shrinking relatively to the size of the universe. The theory of the “expanding universe” might also be called the theory of the “shrinking atom”. <...>
       Let us then take the whole universe as our standard of constancy, and adopt the view of a cosmic being whose body is composed of intergalactic spaces and swells as they swell. Or rather we must now say it keeps the same size, for he will not admit that it is he who has changed. Watching us for a few thousand million years, he sees us shrinking; atoms, animals, planets, even the galaxies, all shrink alike; only the intergalactic spaces remain the same. The earth spirals round the sun in an ever decreasing orbit. It would be absurd to treat its changing revolution as a constant unit of time. The cosmic being will naturally relate his units of length and time so that the velocity of light remains constant. Our years will then decrease in geometrical progression in the cosmic scale of time. On that scale man’s life is becoming briefer; his threescore years and ten are an ever decreasing allowance. Owing to the property of geometrical progressions an infinite number of our years will add up to a finite cosmic time; so that what we should call the end of eternity is an ordinary finite date in the cosmic calendar. But on that date the universe has expanded to infinity in our reckoning, and we have shrunk to nothing in the reckoning of the cosmic being.
       We walk the stage of life, performers of a drama for the benefit of the cosmic spectator. As the scenes proceed he notices that the actors are growing smaller and the action quicker. When the last act opens the curtain rises on midget actors rushing through their parts at frantic speed. Smaller and smaller. Faster and faster. One last microscopic blurr of intense agitation. And then nothing.

—Eddington, Arthur. The Expanding Universe CUP, 1933, pp. 90–92

It should be noted that wormholes negate space. All tridimensional Space (entropy, duration/inertia) is within the baryons. The ambient universal wormhole (dark energy) is Time (negative Space, negative entropy, negative duration/inertia):

Time resembles a field of negative energy and so a negative inertia.

—Firsoff, Valdemar Axel. Facing the Universe Sidgwick & Jackson, 1966, p. 179

Negative entropy is Life. That is why dark energy is the suction exerted by the planet Earth, which is the centre of the universe's negentropy. More precisely, dark energy is the suction exerted by the most intuitive man:

The earth, to Fuller, is a “contracting phase” of the universe, a low-pressure zone in the cosmos where energy is collected and stored. <…> Fuller calls processes which conserve energy aspects of “synergy” <…> But the highest expression of synergy is man’s intuition, his ability to see comprehensive patterns in random events <…>.

—Farrell, Barry. The View from the Year 2000 LIFE Magazine, 1971 02 26

Yet the more persistently we try to avoid man in our theories, the more tightly drawn become the circles we describe around him, as though we were caught up in his vortex. <...> We are not dealing with an immutably fixed focus but with a vortex which grows deeper as it sucks up the fluid at the heart of which it was born. The ego only persists by becoming ever more itself, in the measure in which it makes everything else itself.

—Chardin, Pierre Teilhard de. The Phenomenon of Man Harper Perennial, 1955, pp. 281, 172

The universal wormhole (dark energy, Time) is the universe's gravitational field, whose temperature is negative:

More fundamentally, the results suggest that gravity may, in fact, emerge from entanglement. What’s more, the geometry, or bending, of the universe as described by classical gravity, may be a consequence of entanglement, such as that between pairs of particles strung together by tunneling wormholes.

—You can’t get entangled without a wormhole: Physicist finds entanglement instantly gives rise to a wormhole ScienceDaily, 2013 12 05

So the gravitational energy binding the Earth to the sun is negative (it requires work to sever the bond). If the gravitational field has negative energy, it must also have negative mass and must be subtracted from the positive mass-energy of the sun and planets.

—Davies, Paul. The Goldilocks Enigma: Why Our Universe Is Just Right for Life Mariner Books, 2008, p. 43

The conclusion is, then, that negative mass can only exist at negative temperature, and must be adiabatically separate from positive mass.

—Pollard, D.; Dunning-Davies, J. A consideration of the possibility of negative mass Il Nuovo Cimento B (1971–96), July 1995, vol. 110, no. 7, pp. 857–64

Negative temperature may also have implications for cosmology. Dark energy, thought to explain the accelerating expansion of the universe, exerts negative pressure, which suggests it might have negative temperature—Schneider is currently discussing the idea with cosmologists.

—Aron, Jacob. Cloud of atoms goes beyond absolute zero New Scientist, 2013 01 03

Conversely, the temperature inside a baryon is extremely positive:

The density of matter inside a proton is
       εp = Mc2/R3
where M is the proton mass and R ~ 1 fm is its radius. This energy energy scale is roughly 1 GeV/fm3. <…> This corresponds to temperatures or Tproton ~ 1013 degrees Kelvin, which is about 6 orders of magnitude larger than that of the solar interior.

—McLerran, Larry. New Forms of High Energy Density Matter In: Greiner, Walter (ed.). "Exciting Interdisciplinary Physics". Springer Science, 2013, p. 190

Heat always flows spontaneously from hotter to colder regions. By radiating their positive mass into the negative-massed universal wormhole, the universe's baryons become ever more positive-temperatured (positive-massed), while the universal wormhole becomes ever more negative-temperatured (negative-massed):

Self-gravitating systems have negative specific heats, thus if heat is allowed to flow between two of them, the hotter one loses heat and gets yet hotter while the colder gains heat and gets yet colder. Evolution is thus away from equilibrium.

—Lynden-Bell, D.; Wood, Roger. The Gravo-thermal Catastrophe in Isothermal Spheres and the Onset of Red-giant Structure for Stellar Systems Received 1967 August 1, published in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (1968) 138, 495–525

The minimum total potential energy principle dictates that initially, the universe's gravitational potential energy (dark energy) was maximal—zero. It implies that the initial universe's actual energy was minimal—zero. The wavelength of a matter wave whose energy is zero is coextensive with the universe. Because all measuring yards were coextensive with the universe, the volume of the initial universe was maximal—zero. In the course of time, the total potential energy (dark energy) of the universe becomes ever more negative, so that the volume of the universe becomes ever more negative—the universe impands, not expands.

References

  1. ↑ Bekenstein, Jacob D. Information in the Holographic Universe Scientific American, August 2003. "The entropy of a region uniformly filled with matter and radiation is truly proportional to its volume."