2025 India–Pakistan conflict

2025 India–Pakistan conflict
Part of India–Pakistan wars and conflicts, 2025 India–Pakistan standoff and Kashmir conflict
Date7–10 May 2025 (4 days)
Location
Result Ceasefire
Belligerents
 India  Pakistan
Commanders and leaders
Droupadi Murmu
Narendra Modi
Rajnath Singh
Anil Chauhan
Upendra Dwivedi
Amar Preet Singh
 Asif Ali Zardari
Shehbaz Sharif
Khawaja Asif
Asim Munir
Zaheer Babar Sidhu
Units involved

Indian Armed Forces

Pakistan Armed Forces

A short, armed conflict between India and Pakistan started on 7 May 2025, after India carried out missile attacks on Pakistan in a military operation. The military operation was called Operation Sindoor. This action was a response to the Pahalgam attack in Jammu and Kashmir on 22 April 2025, where 26 innocent people died. India said that the operation aimed at specific buildings used by militant groups Jaish-e-Mohammed and Lashkar-e-Taiba. It stated that it did not aim at any Pakistani military or civilian places. India said that Pakistan helped militants from across the border, but Pakistan did not accept this. India started Operation Sindoor by attacking the buildings used by the Pakistan-based militant groups Jaish-e-Mohammed and Lashkar-e-Taiba. Pakistan says that Indian attacks hit civilian places, including mosques and homes, leading to the death of civilians. After these attacks, there were clashes and drone attacks between the two countries. On May 7, Pakistan's army fired mortar shells on Jammu, especially in Poonch, leading to civilian deaths and damaged homes and religious places. This conflict was the first drone battle between the two nuclear-armed nations.

On 10 May, India said that Pakistan fired missiles at Indian air bases, including the Sirsa air base. In response, Pakistan said that India attacked several of its air bases, including Nur Khan, Rafiqi, and Murid air base. As the situation became worse, Pakistan began its operation called Bunyan-un-Marsoos. They said that they aimed at several Indian military bases, including Udhampur air base, Pathankot air base and Adampur air base. However, there was no significant damage.

After a four-day military conflict, India and Pakistan agreed to a ceasefire on 10 May 2025 after their military representatives talked on the phone. The US vice president and Secretary of State spoke with Government representatives from both countries during the talks. The ceasefire is holding, with commercial flights starting again and normal conditions being observed in both countries. However, the bar on flight paths over each other's country has continued for over a year.

Notes

  1. ↑ Sindoor is a reddish pigment used by Hindu women on their foreheads to indicate their married status.
  2. ↑ Bunyan-un-Marsoos which means "Unbreakable Wall" in Arabic. The name comes from a verse in the Quran found in a mosque in Muzaffarabad. It says, "Surely Allah loves those who fight for Him in strong groups as if they were 'one solid structure'."Quran 61:4 The Pakistan military called the whole 2025 India–Pakistan crisis "Marka-i-Haq" ("The Battle of Truth").

References

  1. ↑ Narayanan, Vasudha (29 May 2018). "Tilaka and Other Forehead Marks". Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online. Archived from the original on 14 January 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2025.
  2. ↑ "Pahalgam terror attack: A tribute to the victims". The Hindu. Retrieved 18 May 2025.
  3. ↑ "Full list of names of Pahalgam terror attack victims: 26 people, all men, killed in Jammu and Kashmir". Livemint. 23 April 2025. Retrieved 18 May 2025.
  4. ↑ "26 dead, several injured in terror attack on tourists in J&K's Pahalgam". The Indian Express. 22 April 2025. Retrieved 20 May 2025.
  5. 1 2 "2025 Worldwide Threat Assessment (Defense Intelligence Agency)" (PDF). United States House Committee on Armed Services. Retrieved 25 May 2025.
  6. 1 2 "India launches attack on 9 sites in Pakistan and Pakistan-occupied Jammu and Kashmir". Reuters. 6 May 2025.
  7. ↑ APP. (2025-05-10). "Pakistan destroys India's S-400 air defence system in Adampur | The Express Tribune". The Express Tribune. Archived from the original on 2026-04-17. Retrieved 2026-07-23.
  8. ↑ "Twins, 12, among those dead in Pakistani shelling in Poonch: 'Paying with our blood'". The Independent. 8 May 2025. Retrieved 25 May 2025.
  9. ↑ Wani, Fayaz (24 May 2025). "31 schools damaged in Pak shelling in Poonch, Rajouri". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 25 May 2025.
  10. ↑ "India and Pakistan: The first drone war between nuclear-armed neighbours". BBC. 9 May 2025. Retrieved 9 May 2025.
  11. 1 2 3 Ellis-Petersen, Hannah; Baloch, Shah Meer (10 May 2025). "India and Pakistan accuse each other of cross-border attacks on military bases". The Guardian.
  12. ↑ Bhatia, Varinder (11 May 2025). "Panic in the skies, rumour on the ground: When a missile was intercepted over Sirsa". The Indian Express. Retrieved 19 December 2025.
  13. ↑ "Pakistan rattles India with firm response as patience runs out". Dawn. Pakistan launched strikes early Saturday morning targeting military installations in India and India-held Kashmir. The strikes were launched under operation Bunyan-um-Marsoos at 5:16am.
  14. ↑ Iyer, Aishwarya S.; Saifi, Sophia; Mogul, Rhea; Regan, Helen; Yeung, Jessie; Tanno, Sophie; Hammond, Elise; Sangal, Aditi (9 May 2025). "May 9, 2025 – India-Pakistan news". CNN. Retrieved 10 May 2025.
  15. ↑ "India and Pakistan agree ceasefire: What does it mean?". Al Jazeera. 10 May 2025. Retrieved 20 May 2025.
  16. ↑ "Bunyan-un-Marsoos: Name came from mosque destroyed in Indian attack". Aaj TV. 12 May 2025.
  17. ↑ "Marka-i-Haq': Pakistan Army names period of conflict with India since April 22". 10 May 2025. Dawn.
  18. ↑ Hussain, Abid (10 May 2025). "Pakistan launches Operation Bunyan Marsoos: What we know so far". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 9 May 2025.
  19. ↑ G, C (2025-05-28). "Four Days in May: The India-Pakistan Crisis of 2025 • Stimson Center". Stimson Center. Retrieved 2026-08-07.
  20. ↑ "India, Pakistan agree to ceasefire, says Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri". The Hindu. 10 May 2025. ISSN 0971-751X. Wikidata Q134428349.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  21. ↑ "India and Pakistan accuse each other of 'violations' after ceasefire deal". BBC News. 8 May 2025. Retrieved 10 May 2025.
  22. ↑ "India and Pakistan Swap Detained Soldiers as Cease-Fire Holds". The New York Times. 14 May 2025. Retrieved 17 May 2025.
  23. ↑ "Kashmir: Four days that took India and Pakistan to the brink". www.bbc.com. 18 May 2025.
  24. ↑ Sharma, Sukalp (2026-04-21). "Pakistan continues to hit Indian airlines with airspace closure, extends ban on Indian aircraft by another month". The Indian Express. Retrieved 2026-05-16.