Silent stroke

A silent stroke is a kind of stroke that does not cause symptoms that can be seen in a major stroke such as slurred speech. A person who has had a silent stroke usually does not know it. A silent stroke still causes damage to the brain, and places the person at increased risk for both transient ischemic attack and major stroke in the future.

These strokes are called "silent" because they typically happen in parts of the brain that do not cause problems that can be seen like those in a major stroke. A silent stroke usually happens in parts of the brain that control different thought processes, mood regulation and cognitive functions and is a leading cause of vascular cognitive impairment and may also lead to a loss of urinary bladder control.

In a big study in 1998, more than 11 million people were thought to have had a stroke in the United States. About 770,000 of these strokes had symptoms which could be seen and 11 million were first-ever silent strokes. Silent strokes usually cause lesions which are found by the use of neuroimaging such as MRI.

There is more of chance of older people having a silent stroke but it may also happen to younger adults. Women appear to be at higher risk for silent stroke, with hypertension and current cigarette smoking being some of the reasons.

These types of strokes include lacunar and other ischemic strokes and minor hemorrhages. They may also include leukoaraiosis (changes in the white matter of the brain): the white matter is more susceptible to vascular blockage because it has less blood vessels than the cerebral cortex.

In the Cardiovascular Health Study, a study used 3,660 adults over the age of 65, 31% showed evidence of silent stroke in neuroimaging studies using MRI. These people did not know they had a stroke. It is thought that silent strokes are five times more common than strokes that have symptoms.

A silent stroke is different than a transient ischemic attack (TIA). In TIA the symptoms can be seen and may last from a few minutes to 24 hours before getting better. If a person has a TIA there is a bigger chance they may have a major stroke and silent strokes in the future.

Kinds of silent stroke

• Ischemic stroke: occurs when a blood vessel that brings blood to the brain becomes blocked. This type of stroke happens in 87 percent of all stroke cases.
• Hemorrhagic stroke: occurs when a blood vessel that brings blood to the brain gets weak and splits open causing bleed to come out of the blood vessel. Usually hemorrhagic stroke is caused by two kinds of problems that cause weak blood vessels: aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations (AVMs).
• Lacunar infarcts (LACI) are small (0.2 to 15 mm in diameter) noncortical (does not happen in the cerebral cortex) stroke caused by the blockage of a single penetrating branch of a larger blood vessel that brings blood to the inside parts of the brain including the white matter. LACIs are usually happen in cases of white matter lesions (WML) which can be seen using computerized tomography (CT scans).

Related pages

• Transient ischemic attack (TIA) or "mini-stroke"

References

1. ↑ Miwa, K; Hoshi, T; Hougaku, H (2010). "Silent cerebral infarction is associated with incident stroke and TIA independent of carotid intima-media thickness". Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan). 49 (9): 817–22. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.49.3211. PMID 20453400.
2. ↑ Yatsu, FM; Shaltoni, HM (2004). "Implications of silent strokes". Current Atherosclerosis Reports. 6 (4): 307–13. doi:10.1007/s11883-004-0063-0. PMID 15191706. S2CID 19688830.
3. ↑ Schmidt, WP; Roesler, A; Kretzschmar, K; Ladwig, KH; Junker, R; Berger, K (2004). "Functional and cognitive consequences of silent stroke discovered using brain magnetic resonance imaging in an elderly population". Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 52 (7): 1045–50. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52300.x. PMID 15209640. S2CID 19351339.
4. 1 2 Herderscheê, D; Hijdra, A; Algra, A; Koudstaal, PJ; Kappelle, LJ; Van Gijn, J (1992). "Silent stroke in patients with transient ischemic attack or minor ischemic stroke. The Dutch TIA Trial Study Group". Stroke; A Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 23 (9): 1220–4. doi:10.1161/01.STR.23.9.1220. PMID 1519274. S2CID 21622484.
5. ↑ Leary, MC; Saver, JL (2003). "Annual incidence of first silent stroke in the United States: A preliminary estimate". Cerebrovascular Diseases (Basel, Switzerland). 16 (3): 280–5. doi:10.1159/000071128. PMID 12865617. S2CID 33095581.
6. ↑ Vermeer, SE; Koudstaal, PJ; Oudkerk, M (2002). "Prevalence and risk factors of silent brain infarcts in the population-based Rotterdam Scan Study". Stroke; A Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 33 (1): 21–5. doi:10.1161/hs0102.101629. PMID 11779883. S2CID 160159.
7. ↑ Fried, LP; Borhani, NO; Enright, P; Furberg, CD; Gardin, JM; Kronmal, RA; Kuller, LH; Manolio, TA; Mittelmark, MB (1991). "The Cardiovascular Health Study: Design and rationale". Annals of Epidemiology. 1 (3): 263–76. doi:10.1016/1047-2797(91)90005-W. PMID 1669507.
8. ↑ Coutts, SB; Hill, MD; Simon, JE; Sohn, CH; Scott, JN; Demchuk, AM; Vision Study, Group (2005). "Silent ischemia in minor stroke and TIA patients identified on MR imaging". Neurology. 65 (4): 513–7. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000169031.39264.ff. PMID 16116107. S2CID 24762370. {{cite journal}}: |first7= has generic name (help)
9. ↑ Van Zagten, M; Boiten, J; Kessels, F; Lodder, J (1996). "Significant progression of white matter lesions and small deep (lacunar) infarcts in patients with stroke". Archives of Neurology. 53 (7): 650–5. doi:10.1001/archneur.1996.00550070088015. PMID 8929172.