Deimatic defence

Deimatic defence is when prey startle predators and so get time to escape. The predator gets a shock, and often jumps back when startled. Many prey use this tactic when a predator gets close. It is an anti-predator defence.

This method is a fake, where a real aposematic warning signal is genuine. Many species of frog put on warning displays; but only some of these species do have poison glands.

Displays are classified as deimatic or aposematic by the responses of the animals that see them.

Where predators are initially startled but learn to eat the displaying prey, the display is classed as deimatic, and the prey is bluffing;
Where they continue to avoid the prey after tasting it, the display is taken as aposematic, meaning the prey is genuinely distasteful.

In the second case, the behaviour is both deimatic and aposematic. It startles the predator, and the display truly indicates the prey is bad to eat.

References

↑ Stevens, Martin (2005). "The role of eyespots as anti-predator mechanisms, principally demonstrated in the Lepidoptera". Biological Reviews. 80 (4): 573–588. doi:10.1017/S1464793105006810. PMID 16221330. S2CID 24868603.
↑ Cumming, Jeffrey M.; Sinclair, Bradley J.; Triplehorn, Charles A.; Aldryhim, Yousif; Galante, Eduardo; Marcos-Garcia, Ma Angeles; Edmunds, Malcolm; Edmunds, Malcolm; Lounibos, L. Phillip; Frank, J. Howard; Showler, Allan T.; Yu, Simon J.; Capinera, John L.; Heppner, John B.; Philogène, Bernard J. R.; Lapointe, Stephen L.; Capinera, John L.; Capinera, John L.; Nayar, Jai K.; Goettel, Mark S.; Nation, James L.; Heppner, John B.; Negron, Jose F.; Heppner, John B.; Kondratieff, Boris C.; Schöning, Caspar; Stewart, Kenneth W.; Aldryhim, Yousif; Heppner, John B.; Hangay, George (2008). "Deimatic Behavior". Encyclopedia of Entomology. pp. 1173–1174. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_863. ISBN 978-1-4020-6242-1.

[1] Stevens, Martin (2005). "The role of eyespots as anti-predator mechanisms, principally demonstrated in the Lepidoptera". Biological Reviews. 80 (4): 573–588. doi:10.1017/S1464793105006810. PMID 16221330. S2CID 24868603.

[2] Cumming, Jeffrey M.; Sinclair, Bradley J.; Triplehorn, Charles A.; Aldryhim, Yousif; Galante, Eduardo; Marcos-Garcia, Ma Angeles; Edmunds, Malcolm; Edmunds, Malcolm; Lounibos, L. Phillip; Frank, J. Howard; Showler, Allan T.; Yu, Simon J.; Capinera, John L.; Heppner, John B.; Philogène, Bernard J. R.; Lapointe, Stephen L.; Capinera, John L.; Capinera, John L.; Nayar, Jai K.; Goettel, Mark S.; Nation, James L.; Heppner, John B.; Negron, Jose F.; Heppner, John B.; Kondratieff, Boris C.; Schöning, Caspar; Stewart, Kenneth W.; Aldryhim, Yousif; Heppner, John B.; Hangay, George (2008). "Deimatic Behavior". Encyclopedia of Entomology. pp. 1173–1174. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_863. ISBN 978-1-4020-6242-1.