Turkish war crimes

Since the establishment of Republic of Turkey, Turkey commited war crimes like in the Syrian Civil War, Turkish invasion of Cyprus and so on.

Even before its establishment, Three Pashas commited genocides in World War One against Armenian, Greek and Assyrian victims. Massacres also continued during the Turkish War of Independence by both sides. Turkey still continues to deny the genocides. After 1923, war crimes also occured during the Syrian Civil War and Second Libyan Civil War.

Background

Prelude to Turkish War of Independence

Hamidian Massacres

Hamidian massacres were the mass killings of Armenian and Assyrian victims during 1894-97, which ordered by Abdulhamid II. Massacre resulted with the death of 300,000 civilians.

Late Ottoman Genocides

During the last years of the Ottoman Empire, CUP government radicalized and genocided Greek, Armenian and Assyrian people. According to Rudolph Joseph Rummel's statistics, the Turks massacred from 3,500,000 to 4,300,000 Armenian, Greek, Assyrian and other christian groups.

Turkish War of Independence

Armenian civilians evacuating Kars after the Turkish-Armenian War.

During the Turkish War of Independence, Ankara government was responsible for massacres of Armenians, Greeks and other christian populations. Vahagn Avedian states the Turkish War of Independence were nothing more than a "ethnic cleansing campaign to get rid of christians".

Syrian civil war

During Syrian civil war, Turkey was accused by supporting Islamic State generally by pro-Kurdish persons. Pro- Kurdish party in Turkey, HDP also claimed Turkey allowed ISIL soldiers cross Turkish - Syrian border and siege Kobanî. It is claimed that in 2018, at least 66 civilian were killed during Turkish airstrikes. In 2019, an Amnesty International article had accused Turkey and its allies with doing war crimes. In 2024, Turkish drone strikes in Tishreen dam caused 413 thousand Kurds left without electricity and drinkable water.

Libyan Civil War (2014-2020)

SOHR claims that Turkey used child soldiers in Libya.

References

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↑
- Avedian, Vahagn (2012)."State Identity, Continuity, and Responsibility: The Ottoman Empire, the Republic of Turkey and the Armenian Genocide". European Journal of International Law. 23 (3): 797–820. doi:10.1093/ejil/chs056. ISSN 0938-5428. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021. "The 'War of Independence' was not against the occupying Allies – a myth invented by Kemalists – but rather a campaign to rid Turkey of remaining non-Turkish elements. In fact, Nationalists never clashed with Entente occupying forces until the French forces with Armenian contingents and Armenian deportees began to return to Cilicia in late 1919."
↑ Akçam, Taner (2006) A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility p. 42, Metropolitan Books, New York.
↑ Melson, Robert (2015). "Contending Interpretations Concerning the Armenian Genocide: Continuity and Conspiracy, Discontinuity and Cumulative Radicalization". Genocide Studies International. Page 12.
↑ Rummel, Rudolph Joseph."Statistics of Turkey's Genocide and Mass Murder". hawaii.edu. Hawaii University. Retrieved June 17, 2024. "Democide had preceded the Young Turk's rule and with their collapse at the end of World War I, the successor Nationalist government carried out its own democide against the Greeks and remaining or returning Armenians. From 1900 to 1923, various Turkish regimes killed from 3,500,000 to over 4,300,000 Armenians, Greeks, Nestorians, and other Christians."
↑ Prott, Volker (2016).The Politics of Self-Determination: Remaking Territories and National Identities in Europe, 1917–1923. Oxford University Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-19-108354-9. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2021. ..few Western scholars question the overall responsibility in the subsequent systematic destruction of the European, Greek and Armenian districts of Smyrna. For such a rare, pro-Turkish view see Heath W. Lowry, "Turkish history: On Whose Sources Will it Be Based? A Case Study on the Burning of Izmir", Journal of Ottoman Studies 9 (1989): 1–29
↑ Avedian, Vahagn (2012). "State Identity, Continuity, and Responsibility: The Ottoman Empire, the Republic of Turkey and the Armenian Genocide". European Journal of International Law. 23 (3): 797–820. doi:10.1093/ejil/chs056. ISSN 0938-5428. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021. The 'War of Independence' was not against the occupying Allies – a myth invented by Kemalists – but rather a campaign to rid Turkey of remaining non-Turkish elements. In fact, Nationalists never clashed with Entente occupying forces until the French forces with Armenian contingents and Armenian deportees began to return to Cilicia in late 1919."
↑ Zaman, Amberin (10 June 2014)."Syrian Kurds continue to blame Turkey for backing ISIS militants". Al-Monitor News.
↑ Kurdish Security Chef: Turkey must end support for Jihadists, Al-Monitor.
↑ Telegraph News
↑ Retuers
↑ "Syria: Damning evidence of war crimes and other violations by Turkish forces and their allies". Amnesty International. 18 October 2019.
↑
↑ SOHR statement in here

[1] 
Avedian, Vahagn (2012)."State Identity, Continuity, and Responsibility: The Ottoman Empire, the Republic of Turkey and the Armenian Genocide". European Journal of International Law. 23 (3): 797–820. doi:10.1093/ejil/chs056. ISSN 0938-5428. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021. "The 'War of Independence' was not against the occupying Allies – a myth invented by Kemalists – but rather a campaign to rid Turkey of remaining non-Turkish elements. In fact, Nationalists never clashed with Entente occupying forces until the French forces with Armenian contingents and Armenian deportees began to return to Cilicia in late 1919."

[mwdw] Avedian, Vahagn (2012)."State Identity, Continuity, and Responsibility: The Ottoman Empire, the Republic of Turkey and the Armenian Genocide". European Journal of International Law. 23 (3): 797–820. doi:10.1093/ejil/chs056. ISSN 0938-5428. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021. "The 'War of Independence' was not against the occupying Allies – a myth invented by Kemalists – but rather a campaign to rid Turkey of remaining non-Turkish elements. In fact, Nationalists never clashed with Entente occupying forces until the French forces with Armenian contingents and Armenian deportees began to return to Cilicia in late 1919."

[2] Akçam, Taner (2006) A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility p. 42, Metropolitan Books, New York.

[3] Melson, Robert (2015). "Contending Interpretations Concerning the Armenian Genocide: Continuity and Conspiracy, Discontinuity and Cumulative Radicalization". Genocide Studies International. Page 12.

[4] Rummel, Rudolph Joseph."Statistics of Turkey's Genocide and Mass Murder". hawaii.edu. Hawaii University. Retrieved June 17, 2024. "Democide had preceded the Young Turk's rule and with their collapse at the end of World War I, the successor Nationalist government carried out its own democide against the Greeks and remaining or returning Armenians. From 1900 to 1923, various Turkish regimes killed from 3,500,000 to over 4,300,000 Armenians, Greeks, Nestorians, and other Christians."

[5] Prott, Volker (2016).The Politics of Self-Determination: Remaking Territories and National Identities in Europe, 1917–1923. Oxford University Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-19-108354-9. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2021. ..few Western scholars question the overall responsibility in the subsequent systematic destruction of the European, Greek and Armenian districts of Smyrna. For such a rare, pro-Turkish view see Heath W. Lowry, "Turkish history: On Whose Sources Will it Be Based? A Case Study on the Burning of Izmir", Journal of Ottoman Studies 9 (1989): 1–29

[6] Avedian, Vahagn (2012). "State Identity, Continuity, and Responsibility: The Ottoman Empire, the Republic of Turkey and the Armenian Genocide". European Journal of International Law. 23 (3): 797–820. doi:10.1093/ejil/chs056. ISSN 0938-5428. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021. The 'War of Independence' was not against the occupying Allies – a myth invented by Kemalists – but rather a campaign to rid Turkey of remaining non-Turkish elements. In fact, Nationalists never clashed with Entente occupying forces until the French forces with Armenian contingents and Armenian deportees began to return to Cilicia in late 1919."

[7] Zaman, Amberin (10 June 2014)."Syrian Kurds continue to blame Turkey for backing ISIS militants". Al-Monitor News.

[8] Kurdish Security Chef: Turkey must end support for Jihadists, Al-Monitor.

[9] Telegraph News

[10] Retuers

[11] "Syria: Damning evidence of war crimes and other violations by Turkish forces and their allies". Amnesty International. 18 October 2019.

[12] ↑

[13] SOHR statement in here