Human coronavirus 229E

Human coronavirus 229E
Transmission electron micrograph of human coronavirus 229E
Virus classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Pisuviricota
Class: Pisoniviricetes
Order: Nidovirales
Family: Coronaviridae
Genus: Alphacoronavirus
Subgenus: Duvinacovirus
Species:
Alphacoronavirus chicagoense
Synonyms
  • Human coronavirus 229E
  • HCoV-229E

Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E, Alphacoronavirus chicagoense) is a species of coronavirus which infects humans and bats. It is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus which enters its host cell by binding to the APN receptor. Along with Human coronavirus OC43 (a member of the Betacoronavirus genus), it is one of the viruses responsible for the common cold. HCoV-229E is a member of the genus Alphacoronavirus and subgenus Duvinacovirus. It is also known as being the first coronavirus in humans, it was isolated at the University of Chicago.

Transmission

HCoV-229E transmits via droplet-respiration and fomites.

Signs and symptoms

HCoV-229E is associated with a range of respiratory symptoms, ranging from the common cold to high-morbidity outcomes such as pneumonia and bronchiolitis. However, such high morbidity outcomes are almost always seen in cases with co-infection with other respiratory pathogens; there is a single published and a single unpublished case to date of a 229E infection that caused acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in an otherwise healthy patient having no detectable co-infection with another pathogen. HCoV-229E is also among the coronaviruses most frequently codetected with other respiratory viruses, particularly with human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV).

Epidemiology

HCoV-229E is one of the seven human coronaviruses which include HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-1, and SARS-CoV-2 and are globally distributed. However, the viruses were detected in different parts of the world at different times of the year. A NCBI-study found a previous HCoV-229E infection in 42.9% – 50.0% of children of 6–12 months of age and in 65% of those 2.5–3.5 years of age.

Virology

HCoV-229E is one of seven known coronaviruses to infect humans. The other six are:

History

A researcher at the University of Chicago, Dorothy Hamre, first identified 229E in 1965.

In 2021 the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) approved a new system of naming viruses, by using binomial names. In 2024, the species that HCoV-229E is assigned to was renamed Alphacoronavirus chicagoense.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Taxon Details | ICTV". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  2. ↑ Lim, Yvonne Xinyi; Ng, Yan Ling; Tam, James P.; Liu, Ding Xiang (2016-07-25). "Human Coronaviruses: A Review of Virus–Host Interactions". Diseases. 4 (3): 26. doi:10.3390/diseases4030026. ISSN 2079-9721. PMC 5456285. PMID 28933406. See Table 1.
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  16. ↑ Esper, F.; Weibel, C.; Ferguson, D.; Landry, M. L.; Kahn, J. S. (2006). "Coronavirus HKU1 infection in the United States". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 12 (5): 775–779. doi:10.3201/eid1205.051316. PMC 3374449. PMID 16704837.
  17. ↑ Gerna, G.; Percivalle, E.; Sarasini, A.; Campanini, G.; Piralla, A.; Rovida, F.; Genini, E.; Marchi, A.; Baldanti, F. (2007). "Human respiratory coronavirus HKU1 versus other coronavirus infections in Italian hospitalised patients". Journal of Clinical Virology. 38 (3): 244–250. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2006.12.008. PMC 7108341. PMID 17222582.
  18. ↑ Kaye, H. S.; Marsh, H. B.; Dowdle, W. R. (1971). "Seroepidemiologic survey of coronavirus (Strain OC 43) related infections in a children's population". American Journal of Epidemiology. 94 (1): 43–49. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121293. PMC 7109649. PMID 5556222.
  19. ↑ Principi, N.; Bosis, S.; Esposito, S. (2010). "Effects of coronavirus infections in children". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 16 (2): 183–188. doi:10.3201/eid1602.090469. PMC 2957994. PMID 20113545.
  20. ↑ Leung, Daniel (20 January 2019). "Coronaviruses (including SARS)". Infectious Disease Advisor. Decision Support in Medicine, LLC. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  21. ↑ Knapp, Alex. "The Secret History Of The First Coronavirus". Forbes. Retrieved 2020-05-06.
  22. ↑ Hamre, D.; Procknow, J. J. (1966-01-01). "A New Virus Isolated from the Human Respiratory Tract". Experimental Biology and Medicine. 121 (1): 190–193. Bibcode:1966ExpBM.121..190H. doi:10.3181/00379727-121-30734. ISSN 1535-3702. PMID 4285768. S2CID 1314901.
  23. ↑ "Binomial nomenclature for virus species (continued)". EPPO Global Database. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  24. ↑ "History of the taxon: Species: Alphacoronavirus chicagoense (2024 Release, MSL #40)". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Retrieved 4 April 2025.