Accommodative excess

Accommodative excess
Accommodative excess
	Accommodation
Specialty	Ophthalmology
Symptoms	asthenopia, blurring of vision

In ophthalmology, accommodative excess (also known as excessive accommodation or accommodation excess) occurs when an individual uses more than normal accommodation (focusing on close objects) for performing certain near work. Accommodative excess has traditionally been defined as accommodation that is persistently higher than expected for the patient's age. Modern definitions simply regard it as an inability to relax accommodation readily. Excessive accommodation is seen in association with excessive convergence also.

Symptoms and signs

The presentation is as follows:^{[citation needed]}

Blurring of vision due to pseudomyopia
Headache
Eye strain
Asthenopia
Trouble concentrating when reading

Causes

Causes related to refractive errors

Accommodative excess may be seen in the following conditions:

Hypermetropia: Young hypermetropes use excessive accommodation as a physiological adaptation in the interest of clear vision.
Myopia: Young myopes performing excessive near work may also use excessive accommodation in association with excessive convergence.
Astigmatism: Astigmatic eye may also be associated with accommodative excess.
Presbyopia: Early presbyopic eye may also induce excessive accommodation.
Improper or ill fitting spectacles: Use of improper or ill fitting spectacles may also cause use of excessive accommodation.

Causes related to systemic drugs

Use of systemic drugs like Morphine, Digitalis, Sulfonamides, Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors may cause accommodative excess.

Causes related to diseases

Unilateral excessive accommodation-Trigeminal neuralgia, and head trauma may cause ciliary spasm and may cause accommodative excess.
Bilateral excessive accommodation-Diseases like Encephalitis, Syphilis, Head trauma, Influenza, Meningitis may cause ciliary spasm and bilateral excessive accommodation.

Secondary to Convergence insufficiency

Accommodative excess may occur secondary to convergence insufficiency also. In convergence insufficiency near point of convergence will recede, and positive fusional vergence (PFV) will reduce. So, the patient uses excessive accommodation to stimulate accommodative convergence to overcome reduced PFV.

Risk factors

A large amount of near work is the main precipitating factor of accommodative excess.

Pseudomyopia

Pseudomyopia also known as artificial myopia refers to an intermittent and temporary shift in refractive status of the eye towards myopia. It may occur due to excessive accommodation or spasm of accommodation.

Diagnosis

Differential diagnosis

Parinaud's syndrome, which can mimic some aspects of spasm of the near reflex, such as excessive accommodation and convergence; however, pupillary near-light dissociation, not miosis, is a feature of Parinaud's syndrome.

Treatment

Optical: Cycloplegic refraction, and correction of Refractive errors if any
Vision therapy
General: Relax from near work

References

↑ "Accommodation, the Pupil, and Presbyopia". Borish's Clinical Refraction (2 ed.). p. 112.
↑ "accommodative excess".
1 2 3 4 AK Khurana. "anomalies of accommodation and convergence". Theory and Practice of Optics and Refraction (2 ed.). Elsevier. pp. 105–106.
1 2 3 William J, Benjamin. "Accommodation, the Pupil, and Presbyopia". Borish's Clinical Refraction (2 ed.). Butterworth Heinmann Elsevier. pp. 114–115.
↑ Mitchel Scheiman, Bruice Wick. "Accommodative Dysfunction". Clinical Management of Binocular Vision (4 ed.). p. 357.
↑ AK Khurana. "Errors of refraction and binocular optical defects". Theory and Practice of Optics and Refraction (2 ed.). p. 77.
↑ Wajuihian SO, Hansraj R (28 August 2015). "A review of non-strabismic accommodative and vergence anomalies in school-age children. Part 2: Accommodative anomalies". African Vision and Eye Health. 74 (1): 7.
↑ Frederick Hampton Roy, Frederick W. Fraunfelder, Frederick T. Fraunfelder. "Iris and Ciliary body". Current Ocular Therapy (6 ed.). p. 518.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ Mitchel Scheiman, Bruice Wick. "Accommodative Dysfunction". Clinical Management of Binocular Vision (4 ed.). p. 354.

[1] "Accommodation, the Pupil, and Presbyopia". Borish's Clinical Refraction (2 ed.). p. 112.

[2] "accommodative excess".

[Khurana-3] 1 2 3 4 AK Khurana. "anomalies of accommodation and convergence". Theory and Practice of Optics and Refraction (2 ed.). Elsevier. pp. 105–106.

[Borish-4] 1 2 3 William J, Benjamin. "Accommodation, the Pupil, and Presbyopia". Borish's Clinical Refraction (2 ed.). Butterworth Heinmann Elsevier. pp. 114–115.

[5] Mitchel Scheiman, Bruice Wick. "Accommodative Dysfunction". Clinical Management of Binocular Vision (4 ed.). p. 357.

[6] AK Khurana. "Errors of refraction and binocular optical defects". Theory and Practice of Optics and Refraction (2 ed.). p. 77.

[7] Wajuihian SO, Hansraj R (28 August 2015). "A review of non-strabismic accommodative and vergence anomalies in school-age children. Part 2: Accommodative anomalies". African Vision and Eye Health. 74 (1): 7.

[8] Frederick Hampton Roy, Frederick W. Fraunfelder, Frederick T. Fraunfelder. "Iris and Ciliary body". Current Ocular Therapy (6 ed.). p. 518.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[9] Mitchel Scheiman, Bruice Wick. "Accommodative Dysfunction". Clinical Management of Binocular Vision (4 ed.). p. 354.