Adamantina Formation

Adamantina Formation
Stratigraphic range: Late Coniacian-Early Maastrichtian
87.8–68 Ma
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofBauru Group
UnderliesUberaba Formation
OverliesSanto Anastacio, Caiuá and Araçatuba Formations
Lithology
PrimarySandstone, calcrete
OtherMudstone, siltstone, conglomerate, coal
Location
Coordinates21°36′S 50°06′W / 21.6°S 50.1°W / -21.6; -50.1
Approximate paleocoordinates25°48′S 33°06′W / 25.8°S 33.1°W / -25.8; -33.1
RegionSão Paulo
CountryBrazil
ExtentBauru Basin,
Paraná Basin
Type section
Named forAdamantina
Adamantina Formation is located in Brazil
Adamantina Formation
Adamantina Formation (Brazil)

The Adamantina Formation is a geological formation in the Bauru Basin of western São Paulo state in southeastern Brazil.

Its strata date back to the Late Cretaceous epoch of the Cretaceous Period, during the Mesozoic Era. The formation is part of the Bauru Group in the northeastern Paraná Basin.

Geology

Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the Adamantina Formation. According to some studies, the Adamantina Formation dates from the Turonian to the Santonian stage (90-83.5 million years ago) of the late Cretaceous, other studies have found a much younger age - Campanian to Maastrichtian (83.5-66 million years ago) of the late Cretaceous.

More recent studies lean into the latter category and an unpublished article abstract revealed at the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology in 2017 also argues that the Allen Formation, Loncoche, and Los Alamitos Formation are all contemporaries and are no later than 72.1Ma in age. A zircon was found dating to 87.8 Ma, so this represents a maximum age.

Geological setting

During the Early Jurassic, the supercontinent Pangea started to drift apart due to the breakup of Gondwana and Laurasia. The breakup of Gondwana caused the formation of the large Parana Basin. This basin has a size of ~1,100,000km2 and can be found not only in Brazil but also in Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina. The separation of the supercontinent and the breakup of Brazil and Africa was accompanied by volcanism that caused large eruptions of flood basalts. These volcanic rocks formed the Serra Geral Formation which underlies the deposits of the Bauru Group.

The Bauru Basin is a trough that, as Miall (1990) argues, evolved due to "thermo-mechanical subsidence" during the Late Cretaceous, probably due to the breakup of Africa and India. The sediments reach a thickness of up to ~300 m and consist mainly of siliciclastic sediments. The Bauru Group can be subdivided into five different formations from bottom to top: Caiua, Santo Anastacio, Adamantina, and Uberaba. Not all formations are equally well represented in the different states and differences occur according their sedimentary composition and therefore also in their naming.

Vertebrate paleofauna

Crocodylomorphs

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon

Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text
crossed out taxa are discredited.

Crocodylomorphs of the Adamantina Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Adamantinasuchus A. navae Six specimens and several isolated bone remains. A zhiphosuchian notosuhian
Aphaurosuchus A. kaiju Skull elements and teeth. A baurusuchine baurusuchid
Aplestosuchus B. sordidus A baurusuchine baurusuchid
Armadillosuchus A. arrudai A sphagesaurid notosuchian
Barreirosuchus B. franciscoi A itasuchid notosuchia
Baurusuchus B. albertoi A baurusuchine baurusuchid
B. pachechoi
B. salgadoensis
Brasileosaurus B. pachecoi A notosuchid notosuchian
Campinasuchus C. dinizi A pissarrachampsine baurusuchid
Caipirasuchus C. catanduvensis A sphagesaurid notosuchian
C. paulistanus
Caryonosuchus C. pricei A sphagesaurid notosuchian
Epoidesuchus E. tavaresae. A itasuchid notosuchian
Mariliasuchus M. amarali Very common. Several specimens - juvenile and adults – with skulls articulated to skeletons, and many isolated materials. Eggs clutches, eggshells, and coprolites were found also. A notosuchid notosuchian
M. robustus A notosuchid notosuchian
Montealtosuchus M. arrudacamposi A peirosaurid notosuchian
Morrinhosuchus M. luziae A sphagesaurid notosuchian
Roxochampsa R. paulistanus Several teeth, splenials, and dentaries. A itasuchid notosuchian
Sphagesaurus S. huenei A sphagesaurid notosuchian
S. montealtensis A sphagesaurid notosuchian
Stratiotosuchus S. maxhechti A baurusuchine baurusuchid
Sphagesauria Indet. Indeterminate A tooth One of the largest sphagesaurian specimens reported to date from the formation and the first notosuchian record from mid-west Brazil

Crocodylomorph eggs have also been found in the Adamantina formation. With the largest known mesozoic crocodylian egg clutch (47 eggs) being founin the formation.

Dinosaurs

Sauropods

Sauropods of the Adamantina Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Adamantisaurus

A. mezzalirai

 A lithostrotian titanosaurian
Arrudatitan A. maximus A single partially articulated skeleton. An aeolosaurin titanosaurian
Antarctosaurus A. brasiliensis Postcranial remains. A colossosaurian titanosaurian
Brasilotitan B. nemophagus Raposo Tavares. A partial skeleton and dentition. A lithostrotian titanosaurian Center
Gondwanatitan G. faustoi Partial postcranial skeleton. An aeolosaurin lithostrotian
Maxakalisaurus M. topai A fragmentary right maxilla with teeth, twelve cervical vertebrae and some cervical ribs, seven dorsal vertebrae and some dorsal ribs, a neural spine and centrum from the sacrum, six caudal vertebrae, some haemal arches, pieces of the scapulae, both sternal plates, part of the left ischium, both humeri, two metacarpals, part of the fibula, an osteoderm, and some unidentified pieces An aeolosaurin lithostrotian

Theropods

Theropods of the Adamantina Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Abelisauridae Indet. Indeterminate Fragment of right premaxilla and a tooth
Abelisauridae Indet. Inderteminate A fragmentary left ilium with most of the preacetabular and supracetabular regions preserved. An distal portion of a right femur.

Enantiornithes indet.

Indeterminate

 Near complete jaws and skulls
Navaornis N. hestiae Complete skull and well-preserved skeleton An enantiornithean bird
Noasauridae Indet. Indeterminate Cervical vertebra, almost complete right femur. An isolated cervical vertebra (DGM 929-R), (CPPLIP 1490) almost complete isolated right femur
Unenlagiinae indet. Indeterminate A single dorsal vertebra

Squamates

Squamate fossils include those of unnamed, indeterminate snakes.

Squamates of the Adamantina Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Boipeba B. tayasuensis A single precloacal vertebra A large, primitive blind snake
Brasiliguana B. prudentis A maxilla An iguanian lizard
Squamata indet. Indeterminate Estrada Velha, ponto 1 MPM 151 R consists of 10 articulated dorsal vertebrae A non-snake squamate
Tametara T. mirim An early snake

Amphibians

Amphibians of the Adamantina Formation
GenusSpeciesLocation Stratigraphic position MaterialNotesImages
Baurubatrachus B. santosdoroi Near Catanduva city, São Paulo. Remains of two individuals A frog
Calyptocephalellidae indet. Indeterminate
Mariliabatrachus M. navai A frog.

Turtles

Turtle of the Adamantina Formation
GenusSpeciesLocation Stratigraphic position MaterialNotesImages
Bauruemys B. brasilensis A podocnemidoid side-necked turtle
Roxochelys R. wanderleyi A podocnemididoid side-necked turtle
Yuraramirim Y. montealtensis A peiropemydid side-necked turtle

Fish

Fishes of the Adamantina Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Amiidae indet. Indeterminate
Atractosteus A. sp. A gar
Britosteus B. amarildoi A gar
Dipnoi indet. Indeterminate
Lepisosteidae indet. Indeterminate, previously described as "Lepisosteus cominatoi" A gar

Mammals

Mammals of the Adamantina Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Eutheria indet. Indeterminate
Brasilestes B. stardusti A tribosphenic mammal
Gondwanatheria indet. Indeterminate
Meridiolestida indet. Indeterminate

See also

References

  1. ↑ Weishampel, David B.; Barrett, Paul M.; Coria, Rodolfo A.; Le Loeuff, Jean; Xing, Xu; Xijin, Zhao; Sahni, Ashok; Gomani, Elizabeth M. P.; Noto, Christopher R. (2007). "Dinosaur Distribution". In Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka (eds.). The Dinosauria. Univ of California Press. pp. 517–606. ISBN 978-0-520-25408-4.
  2. ↑ Turner, A.H.; Calvo, J.O. (2005). "A new sebecosuchian crocodyliform from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25 (1): 87–98. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0087:ANSCFT]2.0.CO;2.
  3. ↑ Nava, William R.; Martinelli, Agustín G. (March 2011). "A new squamate lizard from the Upper Cretaceous Adamantina Formation (Bauru Group), São Paulo State, Brazil". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 83 (1): 291–299. doi:10.1590/S0001-37652011000100017. PMID 21437386.
  4. ↑ Turner, A.H.; Sertich, J.W. (2010). "Phylogenetic history of Simosuchus clarki (Crocodyliformes: Notosuchia) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (6, Memoir 10): 177–236. Bibcode:2010JVPal..30S.177T. doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.532348.
  5. 1 2 De Souza Carvalho, Ismar; De Paula Antunes Teixeira, Vicente; Da Fonseca Ferraz, Mara Lúcia; Ribeiro, Luiz Carlos Borges; Martinelli, Agustín Guillermo; Neto, Francisco Macedo; Sertich, Joseph J. W.; Cunha, Gabriel Cardoso; Cunha, Isabella Cardoso; Ferraz, Patrícia Fonseca (2011). "Campinasuchus dinizi gen. Et sp. Nov., a new Late Cretaceous baurusuchid (Crocodyliformes) from the Bauru Basin, Brazil". Zootaxa. 2871. Bibcode:2011Zoot.28711.1.2D. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2871.1.2.
  6. 1 2 Marco Brandalise de Andrade; Reinaldo J. Bertini (2008). "A new Sphagesaurus (Mesoeucrocodylia: Notosuchia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Monte Alto City (Bauru Group, Brazil), and a revision of the Sphagesauridae". Historical Biology. 20 (2): 101–136. Bibcode:2008HBio...20..101B. doi:10.1080/08912960701642949.
  7. 1 2 Nascimento, Paulo Miranda; Zaher, Hussam (2010). "A new species of Baurusuchus (Crocodyliformes, Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Brazil, with the first complete postcranial skeleton described for the family Baurusuchidae". Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia. doi:10.1590/s0031-10492010002100001.
  8. ↑ Brusatte, Stephen L.; Candiero, Carolos R.A.; Simbras, Felipe M. (2017). "The Last Dinosaurs of Brazil: The Bauru Group and its implications for the end of the Cretaceous mass extinction". Anias de Academia Brasileira de Ceincias. 89 (3): 1465–1485. doi:10.1590/0001-3765201720160918. hdl:20.500.11820/d8f55493-9a6a-418e-888d-71333c78b957. PMID 28954171.
  9. ↑ Case, J. A. (23 August 2017). Age of the Adamantina formation, upper Bauru Group, late Cretaceous, Brazil. 77th Annual Meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. p. 94. Archived from the original on 2017-11-07. Retrieved 2017-11-03.
  10. ↑ Castro, Mariela C.; Goin, Francisco J.; Ortiz-Jaureguizar, Edgardo; Vieytes, E. Carolina; Tsukui, Kaori; Ramezani, Jahandar; Batezelli, Alessandro; Marsola, Júlio C. A.; Langer, Max C. (May 2018). "A Late Cretaceous mammal from Brazil and the first radioisotopic age for the Bauru Group". Royal Society Open Science. 5 (5) 180482. Bibcode:2018RSOS....580482C. doi:10.1098/rsos.180482. PMC 5990825. PMID 29892465.
  11. 1 2 Rabassa, Jorge (2014). "Some Concepts on Gondwana Landscapes: Long-Term Landscape Evolution, Genesis, Distribution and Age". Gondwana Landscapes in southern South America. pp. 9–46. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7702-6_2. hdl:11336/155179. ISBN 978-94-007-7701-9.
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  13. ↑ Miall, Andrew D. (1990). "Sedimentation and plate tectonics". Principles of Sedimentary Basin Analysis. pp. 499–633. doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-4235-0_9. ISBN 978-1-4757-4237-4.
  14. ↑ Candeiro, C.R.A.; Abranches, C.T.; Abrantes, E.A.; Avilla, L.S.; Martins, V.C.; Moreira, A.L.; Torres, S.R.; Bergqvist, L.P. (December 2004). "Dinosaurs remains from western São Paulo state, Brazil (Bauru Basin, Adamantina Formation, Upper Cretaceous)". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 18 (1): 1–10. Bibcode:2004JSAES..18....1C. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2004.08.004.
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  17. ↑ Dias-Brito, D.; Musacchio, E. A.; de Castro, J. C.; Maranhão, M. S. A. S.; Suárez, J. M.; Rodrigues, R. (2001). "Grupo Bauru: uma unidade continental do Cretáceo no Brasil-concepções baseadas em dados micropaleontológicos, isotópicos e estratigráficos" [Bauru Group: A Continental Unit of the Cretaceous in Brazil—Conceptions Based on Micropaleontological, Isotopic, and Stratigraphic Data]. Revue de Paléobiologie (in Portuguese). 20 (1): 245–304. INIST 14573422.
  18. 1 2 Nobre, Pedro Henrique; Carvalho, Ismar de Souza (2006). "Adamantinasuchus navae: A new Gondwanan Crocodylomorpha (Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Late Cretaceous of Brazil". Gondwana Research. 10 (3–4): 370–378. Bibcode:2006GondR..10..370N. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2006.05.008.
  19. ↑ Martins, Kawan Carvalho; Queiroz, Marcos Vinicius Lopes; Ruiz, Juan Vítor; Langer, Max Cardoso; Montefeltro, Felipe Chinaglia (2024). "A new Baurusuchidae (Notosuchia, Crocodyliformes) from the Adamantina Formation (Bauru Group, Upper Cretaceous), with a revised phylogenetic analysis of Baurusuchia". Cretaceous Research. 153 105680. Bibcode:2024CrRes.15305680M. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105680. hdl:11449/299170.
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  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Carvalho, Ismar de Souza; Campos, Antonio de Celso Arruda; Nobre, Pedro Henrique (2005). "Baurusuchus salgadoensis, a new Crocodylomorpha from the Bauru Basin (Cretaceous), Brazil". Gondwana Research. 8 (1): 11–30. Bibcode:2005GondR...8...11C. doi:10.1016/S1342-937X(05)70259-8.
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  27. ↑ Ruiz, Juan V.; Queiroz, Marcos V. L.; Martins, Kawan C.; Godoy, Pedro L.; Iori, Fabiano V.; Langer, Max C.; Montefeltro, Felipe C.; Bronzati, Mario (February 2025). "A new Peirosauridae (Crocodyliformes, Notosuchia) from the Adamantina Formation (Bauru Group, Late Cretaceous), with a revised phylogenetic analysis of Sebecia". The Anatomical Record. 308 (2): 574–597. doi:10.1002/ar.25559. hdl:11449/298094. PMID 39210546.
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  29. ↑ De Souza Carvalho, Ismar; De Vasconcellos, Felipe Mesquita; Tavares, Sandra Aparecida Simionato (2007). "Montealtosuchus arrudacamposi, a new peirosaurid crocodile (Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Late Cretaceous Adamantina Formation of Brazil". Zootaxa. 1607. Bibcode:2007Zoot.16077.1.3D. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1607.1.3.
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  31. ↑ André E. Piacentini Pinheiro; Paulo Victor Luiz Gomes da Costa Pereira; Rafael G. de Souza; Arthur S. Brum; Ricardo T. Lopes; Alessandra S. Machado; Lílian P. Bergqvist; Felipe M. Simbras (2018). "Reassessment of the enigmatic crocodyliform "Goniopholis" paulistanus Roxo, 1936: Historical approach, systematic, and description by new materials". PLOS ONE. 13 (8) e0199984. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1399984P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0199984. PMC 6070184. PMID 30067779.
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  33. ↑ Paxiào, G.M.; Martinelli, A.G.; Marsola, J. C. A; Hechenleitner, E. M; Nava, W. R; Chiappe, L. M; Jussiani, E. I; Rozadilla, S.; Kaluza, J.; Pinheiro, F. L. (2026). "Fossil evidence of exceptionally large egg-clutches sheds light on reproductive diversity in Late Cretaceous crocodyliforms from Brazil". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 45 (4) e2596997. doi:10.1080/02724634.2025.2596997.
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  35. ↑ Silva Junior, Julian C. G.; Martinelli, Agustín G.; Iori, Fabiano V.; Marinho, Thiago S.; Hechenleitner, E. Martín; Langer, Max C. (2022). "Reassessment of Aeolosaurus maximus, a titanosaur dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Southeastern Brazil". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 34 (3): 403–411. Bibcode:2022HBio...34..403S. doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.1920016.
  36. ↑ "Table 13.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 270.
  37. ↑ "Table 13.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 269.
  38. ↑ Kellner, A.W.A.; Campos, D.A.; Azevedo, S.A.K.; et al. (2006). "On a new titanosaur sauropod from the Bauru Group, Late Cretaceous of Brazil". Boletim do Museu Nacional (Geologia). 74: 1–31.
  39. ↑ "Evidence of Abelisauridae (carnosauria: saurischia) from the late cretaceous of the paraná basin" (PDF). naturalhistory.si.edu.
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  43. ↑ Brum, Arthur Souza; Machado, Elaine Batista; De Almeida Campos, Diogenes; Kellner, Alexander Wilhelm Armin (2018). "Description of uncommon pneumatic structures of a noasaurid (Theropoda, Dinosauria) cervical vertebra from the Bauru Group (Upper Cretaceous), Brazil". Cretaceous Research. 85: 193–206. Bibcode:2018CrRes..85..193B. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2017.10.012.
  44. ↑ Martinelli, Agustín G.; Marinho, Thiago S.; Egli, Federico Brisson; Hechenleitner, E. Martín; Iori, Fabiano V.; Veiga, Fábio H.; Basilici, Giorgio; Soares, Marcus V.T.; Marconato, André; Ribeiro, Luiz C.B. (2019). "Noasaurid theropod (Abelisauria) femur from the Upper Cretaceous Bauru Group in Triângulo Mineiro (Southeastern Brazil)". Cretaceous Research. 104 104181. Bibcode:2019CrRes.10404181M. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2019.07.011. hdl:11336/121123.
  45. ↑ Candeiro, C. R. A.; Cau, A.; Fanti, F.; Nava, W. R.; Novas, F. E. (2012). "First evidence of an unenlagiid (Dinosauria, Theropoda, Maniraptora) from the Bauru Group, Brazil". Cretaceous Research. 37: 223–226. Bibcode:2012CrRes..37..223C. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.04.001. hdl:11336/17153.
  46. ↑ Onary, Silvio Y.; Fachini, Thiago S.; Hsiou, Annie S. (September 2017). "The Snake Fossil Record from Brazil". Journal of Herpetology. 51 (3): 365–374. doi:10.1670/16-031. ISSN 0022-1511.
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