Aggregation-induced emission

Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) is a phenomenon in which certain organic luminophores (fluorescent dyes) exhibit stronger emission of light in their aggregated or solid state compared to when they are in solution. This counterintuitive behavior contrasts with most organic compounds, which typically show reduced photoemission in the solid state due to processes like aggregation-caused quenching.

The core mechanism driving the AIE phenomenon is the Restriction of Intramolecular Motion (RIM). In solution, molecules can dissipate absorbed excitation energy as non-radiative thermal loss through low-frequency motions, such as bond rotations and vibrations. When these molecules aggregate, tight physical packing and intermolecular steric constraints immobilize these motions, shutting down non-radiative pathways and funneling excited-state energy into radiative decay, switching the emission "on". Beyond general motion restriction, mechanisms like the suppression of dark twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) states, the prevention of non-radiative photochemical reactions (SPCR), and symmetry-driven electronic effects also play a crucial role in activating emission for specific fluorophores.

Aggregation-induced emission enhancement

The phenomenon in which organic luminophores show higher photoluminescence efficiency in the aggregated state than in solution is called aggregation-induced emission enhancement (AIEE). Some luminophores, e.g., diketopyrrolopyrrole-based and sulfonamide-based luminophores, only display enhanced emission upon entering the crystalline state. That is, these luminophores are said to exhibit crystallization-induced emission enhancement (CIEE). Luminophores such as noble metallic nanoclusters show higher photoluminescence efficiency in the aggregated state than homogenous dispersion in solution. This phenomenon is known as Aggregation-Induced Emission (AIE).

Aggregation-induced emission polymer

Fluorescence-emission Polymer is a kind of polymer which can absorb light of certain frequency and then give out light. These polymers can be applied in biomaterial area. Due to their high biocapacity and fluorescence, they can help researchers to find and mark the location of proteins. And polymers with property of aggregation-induced emission can also help to protect the healthy tissues from the harm of the medicines.

References

  1. ↑ T P, Shaima; A Mirgane, Harshad; H Upadhaya, Aditi; V Bhosale, Sheshanath; K Singh, Prabhat (2024). "A novel approach to supramolecular Aggregation-Induced emission using tetracationic tetraphenylethylene and sulfated β-Cyclodextrin". Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry. 448 115328. Bibcode:2024JPPA..44815328S. doi:10.1016/j.jphotochem.2023.115328.
  2. ↑ Hong, Yuning; Lam, Jacky W. Y.; Tang, Ben Zhong (2011). "Aggregation-induced emission". Chemical Society Reviews. 40 (11): 5361–88. doi:10.1039/c1cs15113d. PMID 21799992.
  3. ↑ Mei, Ju; Hong, Yuning; Lam, Jacky W. Y.; Qin, Anjun; Tang, Youhong; Tang, Ben Zhong (August 2014). "Aggregation-Induced Emission: The Whole Is More Brilliant than the Parts". Advanced Materials. 26 (31): 5429–5479. Bibcode:2014AdM....26.5429M. doi:10.1002/adma.201401356. PMID 24975272. S2CID 29645895.
  4. ↑ Mei, Ju; Leung, Nelson L. C.; Kwok, Ryan T. K.; Lam, Jacky W. Y.; Tang, Ben Zhong (22 October 2015). "Aggregation-Induced Emission: Together We Shine, United We Soar!". Chemical Reviews. 115 (21): 11718–11940. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00263. PMID 26492387.
  5. ↑ Suzuki, Satoshi; Sasaki, Shunsuke; Sairi, Amir Sharidan; Iwai, Riki; Tang, Ben Zhong; Konishi, Gen-ichi (2020). "Principles of Aggregation-Induced Emission: Design of Deactivation Pathways for Advanced AIEgens and Applications". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 59 (25): 9856–9867. doi:10.1002/anie.202000940. ISSN 1521-3773. PMC 7318703. PMID 32154630.
  6. ↑ Gilberg, Laura; Zhang, Ben; Zavalij, Peter Y.; Sindelar, Vladimir; Isaacs, Lyle (2015). "Acyclic cucurbit[n]uril-type molecular containers: influence of glycoluril oligomer length on their function as solubilizing agents". Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry. 13 (13): 4041–4050. doi:10.1039/C5OB00184F. ISSN 1477-0520. PMC 4366302.
  7. ↑ Zhou, Yang; Xu, Hai; Li, Qing-Xiu; Hou, Zong-Rui; Wang, Ya-Wen; Peng, Yu (2023). "A dual-mode probe based on AIE and TICT effects for the detection of the hypochlorite anion and its bioimaging in living cells". Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry. 21 (6): 1270–1274. doi:10.1039/D2OB02138B. ISSN 1477-0520.
  8. ↑ Senanayake, Charya J.; Kavindi, Thalpage Don Dinithi; Deenalattha, D. H. Sanduni; Arachchige, Dinushika Kotudura; Gunarathne, Kaushanie; Bandaranayake, P. M. Anuradha; Rodrigo, U. Dulanjali; de Silva, Nuwan; Abeyasinghe, Neranga (2025-04-17). "Unveiling the Inversion-Symmetry-Driven Excitation Switching in Aggregation-Induced Emission". ACS Materials Letters. 7 (5): 1930–1939. doi:10.1021/acsmaterialslett.4c02550. ISSN 2639-4979.
  9. ↑ Jin, Yi; Xu, Yanbin; Liu, Yinling; Wang, Lingyun; Jiang, Huanfeng; Li, Xianjie; Cao, Derong (September 2011). "Synthesis of novel diketopyrrolopyrrole-based luminophores showing crystallization-induced emission enhancement properties". Dyes and Pigments. 90 (3): 311–318. doi:10.1016/j.dyepig.2011.01.005.
  10. ↑ Virk, Tarunpreet Singh; Ilawe, Niranjan V.; Zhang, Guoxian; Yu, Craig P.; Wong, Bryan M.; Chan, Julian M. W. (20 December 2016). "Sultam-Based Hetero[5]helicene: Synthesis, Structure, and Crystallization-Induced Emission Enhancement". ACS Omega. 1 (6): 1336–1342. doi:10.1021/acsomega.6b00335. PMC 6640820. PMID 31457199.
  11. ↑ Moghadam, Fatemeh Mortazavi; Rahaie, Mahdi (May 2019). "A signal-on nanobiosensor for VEGF165 detection based on supraparticle copper nanoclusters formed on bivalent aptamer". Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 132: 186–195. doi:10.1016/j.bios.2019.02.046. PMID 30875630. S2CID 80613434.
  12. ↑ Mortazavi Moghadam, Fatemeh; Bigdeli, Mohammadreza; Tamayol, Ali; Shin, Su Ryon (October 2021). "TISS nanobiosensor for salivary cortisol measurement by aptamer Ag nanocluster SAIE supraparticle structure". Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 344 130160. Bibcode:2021SeAcB.34430160M. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2021.130160.
  13. ↑ Han, Ting; Deng, Haiqin; Qiu, Zijie; Zhao, Zheng; Zhang, Haoke; Zou, Hang; Leung, Nelson L. C.; Shan, Guogang; Elsegood, Mark R. J.; Lam, Jacky W. Y.; Tang, Ben Zhong (9 April 2018). "Facile Multicomponent Polymerizations toward Unconventional Luminescent Polymers with Readily Openable Small Heterocycles". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 140 (16): 5588–5598. Bibcode:2018JAChS.140.5588H. doi:10.1021/jacs.8b01991. PMID 29630372. S2CID 207190130.
  14. ↑ Sun, Wenjing; Luo, Li; Feng, Yushuo; Cai, Yuting; Zhuang, Yixi; Xie, Rong-Jun; Chen, Xiaoyuan; Chen, Hongmin (5 September 2019). "Aggregation-Induced Emission Gold Clustoluminogens for Enhanced Low-Dose X-ray-Induced Photodynamic Therapy". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 59 (25): 9914–9921. doi:10.1002/anie.201908712. PMID 31418982. S2CID 201020605.