Agni-V

Agni-V
Advanced Agni-V missile (MIRV variant) test flight
TypeIntermediate-range ballistic missile
Reported Intercontinental ballistic missile capability
Place of originIndia
Service history
In serviceActive
Used byStrategic Forces Command
Production history
DesignerDefence Research and Development Organisation
ManufacturerBharat Dynamics Limited
Unit cost₹50 crore (US$5 million)
Specifications
Mass50000–56000 kg
Length17.5 m
Diameter2 metres (6 ft 7 in)
Warhead3-6 (tested)
10-12 warheads
Nuclear MIRVs
Warhead weight
  • 3,000–4,000 kilograms (6,600–8,800 lb)
  • 7,500–8,000 kilograms (16,500–17,600 lb) (air-burst or bunker buster)
EngineThree-stage solid rocket
PropellantSolid fuel
Operational
range
  • 7,000–8,000 kilometres (4,300–5,000 mi)
  • 2,500–3,000 kilometres (1,600–1,900 mi) (air-burst or bunker buster variant)
Maximum speedTerminal phase: Mach 24 (29,400 km/h; 18,300 mph; 8.17 km/s)
Guidance
system
RLG-INS + multi-GNSS + redundant micro-inertial navigation
Launch
platform
8 × 8 Tatra TEL
Rail Mobile Launcher (Canisterised Missile Package) 
TransportRoad

Agni-V (Sanskrit: अग्नि; lit. Fire) is a land based nuclear MIRV-capable intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM) developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) of India. Although the missile is officially classified as an "IRBM" with a range in excess of 5,500 kilometres (3,400 mi), experts estimate it to be an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) with a range of 8,000 km (5,000 mi). It is a three-stage, road-mobile, canisterised and solid-fueled ballistic missile. The missile reaches a speed of Mach 24 (29,400 km/h; 8.17 km/s) during its flight.

Development

Night launch of the missile

Agni-V was primarily intended for enhancing the Indian nuclear deterrence against China. Until the development of the Agni-V, the longest range missile India had was Agni-IV with a range of 4,000 km. If launched from central India this range was not sufficient to reach targets on the extreme eastern and north-eastern region of China. Most of the major economic centers of China lay on its eastern seaboard.

Senior defense scientist M. Natarajan disclosed in 2007 that DRDO was working on an upgraded version of the Agni-III, known as the Agni-V, and that it would be ready in 4 years. The missile was to have a range of more than 5,000 kilometres (3,100 mi).[citation needed]

It was estimated that the missile would be operational by 2014 to 2015 after four to five repeatable tests. Indian authorities believed that the solid-fueled Agni-V was more than adequate to meet current threat perceptions and security concerns. Even with a range of only 5,000 km, the Agni-V could hit any target in China, including Beijing.

The missile was designed to be easy to transport by road through the utilization of a canister-launch missile system, which is distinct from those of the earlier Agni missiles. Agni-V would also carry multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle payloads.

With a launch mass of around 50 tonnes (49 long tons; 55 short tons) and a development cost of over $292 million, Agni-V incorporated technologies involving ring laser gyroscope and accelerometer for navigation and guidance. It took its first stage from Agni-III, with a modified second stage and a miniaturized third stage enabling it to fly distance of 5,000 kilometres (3,100 mi). The second and third stage are completely made of composite material to reduce weight. With a canister-launch system to impart higher road mobility, allowing for greater operational flexibility than the earlier generation of Agni missiles. According to the Agni-V Project Director, Tessy Thomas, the accuracy of Agni-V are far greater than their predecessors.

Conventional weapon variants

DRDO started working on two modified variants of Agni-V in 2025 that could carry up to 7,500–8,000 kilograms (16,500–17,600 lb) of air-burst or bunker buster munitions. It is anticipated that the bunker buster type will penetrate 80–100 metres (260–330 ft) deep before detonating, and it is intended to attack hardened facilities buried beneath layers of reinforced concrete. The air-burst type will be used against runways, air bases, and armored formations. Both variants are being designed to target vital military installations, missile silos, and command and control centers in China and Pakistan. The anticipated speed for the modified variants is Mach 8 – Mach 20 (9,800–24,500 km/h), with a range of 2,500–3,000 kilometres (1,600–1,900 mi). In the absence of stealth bombers, DRDO decided to use missile as the delivery system for operational flexibility and reduced delivery costs. The aim is to provide conventional means to neutralize targets in preemptive strike.

Following Operation Sindoor, which revealed gaps in the Indian Air Force's capacity to eliminate heavily fortified underground targets, the drive for a bunker buster accelerated. The long-planned missile modifications got new impetus following the 2025 United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites. Given that China and Pakistan have well defended underground installations along their borders and that traditional airstrikes are less effective in hilly and high-altitude regions, these new missile types become strategically important for the Indian Armed Forces.

Deployment

According to media reports that cite official sources, the missile was being deployed by Strategic Forces Command as of July 2018. While the flight trials of the MIRV version of the missile is underway as of 2026, the base variant with a single warhead has already been deployed with the Strategic Forces Command which conducts regular training trials of the missile.

Description

Propulsion

Cutaway diagram of Single-RV and MIRV variants of the missile

The Agni-V is a three-stage solid fuelled intermediate-range ballistic missile with composite motor casing in the second and third stage. The missile is a development of the Agni III with an additional third stage while incorporating indigenous composite rocket motors which resulted in weights reduced by 20% and an increased range over the older designs.

Total flight duration for the first flight test of Agni-V on 20 April 2012 was for 1130 seconds. The first stage ignited for 90 seconds.

Range

Strike range envelope of Agni-V centered at Wheeler ITR

The DRDO chief V. K. Saraswat initially declined to disclose the exact range of Agni-V. Later, however, he described Agni V as a missile with a range of 5,500–5,800 km. Du Wenlong, a researcher at China's PLA Academy of Military Sciences, told the Chinese news agency, Global Times, that the missile has a range of around 8,000 kilometres (5,000 mi). Wenlong also said that the Indian government had deliberately downplayed the missile's capability in order to avoid causing concern to other countries. The exact range of the Agni-V missile is classified. Business Standard reported that the range of Agni-V can be increased if needed. On 15 December 2022, the first night trial of Agni-V was successfully carried out by the SFC, after which media reports stated that the missile is now 20 percent lighter due to the use of composite materials that can increase the range beyond 7,000 km if required.

Guidance and control

A ring laser gyroscope based inertial navigation system (RLG-INS) is primarily responsible for guiding the Agni-V to its target. However, Agni-V is equipped with another guidance system called micro inertial navigation system (MINGS) as a backup. These are capable of interacting with Indian and foreign satellite navigation systems like NavIC and GPS. Both of these systems have been developed by the Research Centre Imarat. Agni-V uses a system on chip based on-board computer distributed architecture whose weight is around 200 grams for control and guidance. All stages of the missile have nozzle-based control systems. While keeping the inside temperature below 50°C, the atmospheric re-entry barrier can tolerate temperatures of over 4,000°C.

Mobility

"The Agni-V is specially tailored for road-mobility," explained Avinash Chander, the Director of ASL. "With the canister having been successfully developed, all India's future land-based strategic missiles will be canisterised as well." Made of maraging steel, a canister must provide a hermetically sealed atmosphere that preserves the missile for years. During firing, the canister must absorb enormous stresses when a thrust of 300 to 400 tonnes-force (2,900 to 3,900 kN) is generated to eject the 50 tonnes (110,000 lb) missile.

TCT-5 missile launch vehicle for Agni-V

If the missile is ejected using a gas generator from the canister, then the missile could be launched from any pre-surveyed launch location without the need for any pre-built launch site.

The launcher, which is known as the Transport-cum-Tilting vehicle-5, is a 140-ton, 30-metre, 7-axle trailer pulled by a 3-axle Volvo truck according to the DRDO Newsletter. The canister design will reduce the reaction time drastically...just a few minutes from 'stop-to-launch’. It has an electronic controller for all auto and remote operations, a 23 kVA generator, and a PTO driven hydraulic power pack and therefore can carry out launch operations without any external power source and logistics.

Anti-satellite version

V. K. Saraswat said that an ASAT version is technically possible: ASAT weapon would require reaching about 800 km altitude. Agni-V offers the boosting capability and the 'kill vehicle', with advanced seekers, will be able to home into the target satellite.

MIRV

MIRV armed variant of the missile ejecting from canister

Agni-V has MIRV capability, with each missile being capable of carrying around 10-12 separate maneuverable nuclear warheads. Each warhead can be assigned to a different target, separated by hundreds of kilometers; alternatively, two or more warheads can be assigned to one target. According to DRDO sources, a MIRV payload would be significantly heavier since it would consist of several nuclear warheads, each of them weighting about 400 kilograms. A 5-warhead MIRV configuration, therefore, would weigh two to four tonnes.

As of 2012, the primary module for MIRV was in an advanced stage of development. It will be deployed when deemed necessary, according to officials. The MIRV capability of Agni-V has been tested indirectly in a discreet manner, according to Bharat Karnad, who was involved in drafting India's nuclear doctrine. Karnad states that the MIRV capability of the missile's guidance system on chip (SOC) was tested during the multi-satellite PSLV-C20 launch on 25 February 2013. The Agni-VI was the first missile expected to be equipped with MIRV capability. However, the government has no sought proposals from DRDO on the project as of 2026. On 11 March 2024, Prime Minister Narendra Modi celebrated the successful completion of Mission Divyastra, the country's maiden flight test of the Agni-V missile using MIRV technology, which was developed in-house.

In addition to the live warhead, Agni-V can also use decoys to avoid detection. Carbon composites are used in the manufacturing process to ensure that the warhead can survive high temperatures and not disintegrate during the re-entry phase.

Testing

Preparation for testing

Camouflage paint scheme in June 2018 launch

The then Indian defense minister A. K. Antony, addressing the annual DRDO awards ceremony, asked defense scientists to demonstrate the missile's capability at the earliest opportunity. DRDO chief V. K. Saraswat told Times of India in mid-2011 that DRDO had tested the three solid-propellant composite rocket motor stages of Agni-V independently and all ground tests had been completed. In September 2011, Saraswat confirmed that the first test flight would be conducted in 2012 from Abdul Kalam Island.

In February 2012, a source revealed that DRDO was almost ready for the test, but there were scheduling and logistical issues since the missile was to traverse halfway across the Indian Ocean. Countries like Indonesia and Australia as well as international air and maritime traffic in the test zone had to be alerted 7–10 days before the test. Moreover, Indian Navy warships, with DRDO scientists and tracking and monitoring systems, were to be positioned midway and near the impact point in the southern Indian Ocean.

Agni-V Launch Log

Date/Time
(IST)
 Configuration Launch Site Duration Outcome
Operator
Payload Range Function
Remarks
19 APR 2012
8:05 AM
 Open Rail Mobile Launcher ITR Launch Complex 4 20 min Success
DRDO Single mass simulator 5000+ km First test launch
The third stage fired the re-entry vehicle into the atmosphere at an altitude of 100 kilometres which subsequently impacted the pre-designated target point in the Indian Ocean with pin-point accuracy of few meters. The director of the test range, S.P. Das, informed BBC that all test parameters were met.
15 SEP 2013
8:48 AM
 Open Rail Mobile Launcher ITR Launch Complex 4 20+ min Success
DRDO Single mass simulator N/a Second test launch
Scientists on the programme have spent the last 16 months studying the telemetry and performance data of the first test and fine-tuning all systems, including the navigation system and on board systems. During the second test, the missile hit the pre-designed target in the Indian Ocean with an accuracy of a few metre.
31 JAN 2015
8:10 AM
 Canistered TATRA TEL ITR Launch Complex 4 20 min Success
DRDO Single mass simulator 5000+ km Third test launch
The Integrated Test Range Director, M. V. K. V. Prasad, said: "The missile, witnessed a flawless 'auto launch' and detailed results will be known after all data is retrieved from different radars and network systems."
26 DEC 2016
11:05 AM
 Canistered TATRA TEL ITR Launch Complex 4 19 min Success
DRDO Single mass simulator <2500 km Fourth test launch
Commanded by the on-board computer with a support of highly accurate ring laser gyro based inertial navigation system, the most modern micro inertial navigation system (MINS), fully digital control system and advanced compact avionics, the missile hit the target point accurately, meeting all objectives.
18 JAN 2018
09:53 AM
 Canistered TATRA TEL ITR Launch Complex 4 19 min Success
DRDO Single mass simulator 4900 km Fifth test launch
The flight performance of the missile was tracked and monitored by radars, range stations and tracking systems throughout the flight. All objectives of the mission were met successfully.
03 JUN 2018
09:45 AM
 Canistered Rail Mobile Launcher ITR Launch Complex 4 N/a Success
DRDO Single mass simulator N/a Sixth test launch
All the Radars, Electro Optical Tracking Stations and Telemetry Stations tracked the vehicle all through the course of the trajectory and was a "precision launch". All the mission objectives have been achieved.
10 DEC 2018
01:30 PM
 Canistered Rail Mobile Launcher ITR Launch Complex 4 N/a Success
DRDO Single mass simulator 2041 km Seventh test launch
This was for the first time that the missile was test-fired in a lofted trajectory. The missile blasted off from a hermetically sealed canister. This lofted trajectory flight was used to determine whether it followed the perfect flight path with close to zero error. This trial completed the Agni-V pre-induction trials.
User Trial Launches
27 OCT 2021
7:50 PM
 N/a ITR Launch Complex 4 N/a Success
India Strategic Forces Command Single mass simulator N/a First user trial
According to Ministry of Defence, the test was in line with India's credible minimum deterrence policy with the commitment to ‘No First Use’.
15 DEC 2022

 Canistered TATRA TEL ITR Launch Complex 4 N/a Success
India Strategic Forces Command Single mass simulator N/a First night trial
The test was to validate new technologies and equipment on the missile. Replacing maraging steel with lightweight composite materials made Agni-V, 20 percent lighter. The launch also proved striking capability beyond 7000+ kms. The suspected possibility of an HGV due to the low velocity of projectile seen in night sky was eliminated when a sneakpeak launch footage was released almost an year later.
20 AUG 2025
6:56 PM
 Canistered TATRA TEL ITR Launch Complex 4 N/a Success
DRDO N/a N/a Training trial
The missile was launched under the aegis of the Strategic Forces Command.

Mission Divyastra

Date/Time
(IST)
 Configuration Launch Site Duration Outcome
Operator
Payload Range Function
Remarks
11 MAR 2024
6:56 PM
 Canistered TATRA TEL ITR Launch Complex 4 N/a Success
DRDO 3-4 x MIRV N/a First MIRV launch
First test launch in MIRV configuration. The project directors examined the trajectory and other variables of the missile as recorded by the ballistic missile tracker INS Dhruv to make any operational changes if required. No further tests are planned for MIRV payload.
8 MAY 2026 Canistered TATRA TEL Abdul Kalam Island (ITR) N/a Success
DRDO MIRV <3,560 km Second MIRV launch
The missile was described as an advanced Agni missile with multiple MIRV payloads delivered at different ranges spread over a large geographical area over the Indian Ocean. The trajectory of the missile was tracked from lift-off till impact of all payloads by the multiple ground and ship-based telemetry and sensor systems. The flight data confirmed that all mission objectives were met. Senior DRDO officials and Indian Army personnel witnessed the test. A NOTAM had been issued twice since late April for the test.

Reactions to testing

Domestic

In India, the success of the launch was received with much acclaim and widespread media coverage. The then Prime Minister of India, Manmohan Singh as well as Defence Minister A K Antony congratulated the DRDO. Missile Program Director Avinash Chander hailed the launch saying it signified giant strides. Kanwal Sibal, former foreign secretary of India wrote, "In reality, while self-restraint and attachment to peace do mark our policies, we choose soft options also because we are conscious of our weakness and lack of military preparedness. [..] China, in any case, possesses missiles with even longer range. Earlier it was India that was vulnerable to Chinese missiles and now the reverse will be true, creating a better balance in deterrence."

Following the successful November 2021 test of the nuclear capable version of Agni-5, the Defence Ministry released the following statement:

“A successful launch of the surface-to-surface ballistic missile, Agni-5, was carried out on October 27, 2021 at approximately 1950 hrs from APJ Abdul Kalam Island, Odisha.”
- Ministry of Defence

Following the successful March 2024 test of the nuclear capable version of Agni-5, the Prime Minister released the following statement on Twitter:

“Proud of our DRDO scientists for Mission Divyastra, the first flight test of indigenously developed Agni-5 missile with Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle (MIRV) technology.” - Narendra Modi, Prime Minister of India

Rajnath Singh, the Defence Minister, praised the scientists and team, describing it as an exceptional success.

Other states

A Washington-based think tank has claimed that the US is supportive of India's efforts to close missile gap with China and is comfortable with the progress being made by New Delhi in this regard. Lisa Curtis, senior research fellow for South Asia, and Baker Spring, research fellow in National Security Policy, at The Heritage Foundation, a conservative think tank said in a commentary, "The lack of US condemnation of India's latest missile test demonstrates that the US is comfortable with Indian progress in the nuclear and missile fields and appreciates India's need to meet the emerging strategic challenge posed by rising China. It is telling that no country has criticized India's missile test", the US experts wrote. "The US change in position with regard to Indian missile capabilities demonstrates how far the US-India relationship has evolved over the last decade", Curtis and Spring said.

International organisations

See also

Related development

Related lists

References

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