Al-Baqi Cemetery (Arabic: مَقْبَرَة ٱلْبَقِيع, Maqbarat al-Baqīʿ), also known as Jannat al-Baqi or Baqi al-Gharqad, is the oldest and first Islamic cemetery, located southeast of the Prophet's Mosque in Medina in the Hejaz region of Saudi Arabia. It contains the graves of numerous members of the Prophet Muhammad's family, his companions, and other prominent figures from early Islam. The cemetery is significant in both Sunni and Shia Islam as it contains the burial places of four of the Twelve Imams, and the graves of prominent figures revered in Sunni Islam.
Historically, al-Baqi contained numerous tombs, mausoleums, and domes. The structures above the graves in the cemetery were demolished in 1806 during the First Wahabi-Saudi control of Medina. The structures were subsequently rebuilt under Ottoman rule, however following the Saudi conquest of Hejaz, it was demolished again in 1926. Since then, the cemetery has remained without any tombs or domes, with graves generally marked by simple stones. Despite the demolitions being controversial across the Islamic world, the Saudi regime has rejected calls for reconstruction.
When Muhammad arrived in Medina from Mecca in September 622 CE, al-Baqi' was a land covered with boxthorn. According to historical records, after Muhammad’s arrival, the houses of Medina developed near al-Baqi', which was therefore considered the public tomb. The bramble growth was cleared, and the place was consecrated to be the future cemetery of the Muslims who died in al-Madina. Additionally, al-Baqi’ was introduced as a location with Nakhl on its east side and houses on its west side. In fact, before its demolition, al-Baqi’ was situated behind the houses in the city.
During the construction of the Prophet’s Mosque on the site he purchased from two orphan children after his migration from Mecca to Medina, As'ad ibn Zurarah, one of Muhammad's companions, died. Muhammad chose the spot to be a cemetery, and As'ad was the first individual to be buried in al-Baqi' among the Ansar.
While Muhammad was outside Medina for the Battle of Badr, his daughter Ruqayyah fell ill and died in 624. She was buried in al-Baqi'. Ruqayyah was the first person from the Ahl al-Bayt (Household of Muhammad) to be buried in this cemetery.
Shortly after Muhammad arrived from Badr, Uthman bin Maz'oon died in 3 AH (624/625 CE) and was buried in al-Baqi'. He was considered the first companion of Muhammad from the Muhajirun to be buried in the cemetery. Muhammad also referred to him as the first ‘among us to go to the hereafter,’ and he named the place where Uthman bin Maz’oon is buried as Rawhā.
When his youngest son Ibrahim died, Muhammad commanded that he be buried there as well. He watered the grave and called this place Zawrā. Following his instructions, two of his daughters Zainab and Umm Kulthum, were also buried near the grave of Uthman bin Maz'oon.
Initially, the third caliph, Uthman, was buried in the large neighbouring Jewish graveyard. The first expansion of al-Baqi' was carried out by Muawiyah I, the first Umayyad caliph. To honor Uthman, Muawiyah incorporated the extensive Jewish cemetery into al-Baqi’s burial grounds. The Umayyad Caliphate constructed the first dome over Uthman’s grave in al-Baqi’. Over time, numerous domes and structures were built or reconstructed over various graves in al-Baqi’.
The cemetery was demolished by forces loyal to the Wahhabi-Saudi alliance in 1806 and 1925 (or 1926).
First demolition
At the beginning of the nineteenth century, during the Wahhabi control over Mecca and Medina in 1806, many religious buildings, including tombs and mosques, were demolished. This demolition occurred both inside and outside al-Baqi, in accordance with the Wahhabi interpretation of Islamic doctrine that forbids idolatry. These structures were razed to the ground due to Wahhabi claims of grave worship.
Second demolition
The House of Saud regained control of the Hijaz in 1924 or 1925. The following year, King Ibn Saud granted permission to destroy the site, with religious authorization provided by QadiAbd Allah ibn Bulayhid. The demolition began on 21 April 1926 (or 1925) by the Ikhwan ("The Brothers"), a Wahabbi religious militia. The demolition included destroying "even the simplest of the gravestones.". The British convert Eldon Rutter compared the demolition to an earthquake: "All over the cemetery, nothing was to be seen but little indefinite mounds of earth and stones, pieces of timber, iron bars, blocks of stone, and a broken rubble of cement and bricks, strewn about."
The second demolition was discussed in the Majles-e Shora-ye Melli (the National Consultative Assembly of Iran), and a group of representatives was sent to Hijaz to investigate. In recent years (1982), efforts have been made by Iranian religious scholars and political figures to restore the cemetery and its shrines. Both Sunni and Shia communities protested the destruction, and rallies are held annually. The day is regarded as Yaum-e Gham ("Day of Sorrow"). Prominent Sunni theologians and intellectuals have condemned the "unfit" situation of the Baqi cemetery. However, the Saudi authorities have ignored all criticism and rejected any requests for the restoration of the tombs and mausoleums.
He was initially reportedly to be buried in al-Baqī, but due to local resistance, was instead interred in a Jewish cemetery, which was later incorporated into al-Baqī by the Umayyads.
↑Bahramian, Ali; Gholami, Rahim (2013). "al-Baqīʿ". In Madelung, Wilfred; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica (Thirded.). Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
1234567Bahramian, Ali; Gholami, Rahim (2013). "al-Baqīʿ". In Madelung, Wilfred; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica (Thirded.). Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
↑Kramer, Martin (August 1987). "BEHIND THE RIOT IN MECCA". The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. 5: 7. Archived from the original on 31 May 2024. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
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