Armed Forces of Bolivia

Armed Forces of Bolivia
Fuerzas Armadas de Bolivia
MottoSubordinacion y Constancia, ¡Viva Bolivia! (Subordination and Steadfastness. Long Live Bolivia!)
Founded7 August 1826; 200 years ago (1826-08-07)
Service branches Bolivian Army
 Bolivian Navy
 Bolivian Air Force
Leadership
Captain General of the Armed ForcesRodrigo Paz (President of Bolivia)
Minister of DefenseErnesto Justiniano
Commander in Chief of the Armed ForcesCésar Moisés Vallejos Rocha
Personnel
Military age18
Active personnel40.000 to 70.000 (est.)
Reserve personnel40.000 (est.)
Expenditure
Budget$659.2 million (2017)
Percent of GDP1.76% (2017)
Industry
Foreign suppliers Argentina
 Austria
 Brazil
 China
 Mexico
 Peru
 Russia
 Turkey
 United States
 European Union
 France
  Switzerland
 United Kingdom
Historical:
 Israel
Related articles
RanksMilitary ranks of Bolivia

The Bolivian Armed Forces (Spanish: Fuerzas Armadas de Bolivia) are the military of Bolivia. The Armed Forces of Bolivia are responsible for the defense, both of external and internal, of Bolivia, and they are constituted by the Bolivian Army, the Bolivian Air Force, and the Bolivian Navy. All these institutions are under the Ministry of Defense of Bolivia.

In addition to the Bolivian Army, the Bolivian Air Force and the Bolivian Navy, the Bolivian National Police, although dependent on the Ministry of Government in times of peace, is part of the reserves of the Armed Forces according to the Organic Law of the Armed Forces of this nation, together with other reserve bodies such as the SAR-FAB emergency and rescue units.

Figures on the size and composition of the armed forces of Bolivia vary considerably, with rare official data available. It is estimated, however, that the three main forces (army, navy, and air force) add up to a total of between 40,000 to 70,000 troops, while the Bolivian police would be around 40,000 troops.

High Command of the Armed Forces of Bolivia

The roles and tenure of the High Command are described in the Organic Law of the Armed Forces (LOFA) which states that the hierarchy is subordinate to and appointed by the President of Bolivia, with the Minister of Defense acting as an intermediary between the President and the Armed Forces. Article 172 of the 2009 Constitution states that amongst the President's duties are "to designate and substitute the Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces and the Commanders of the Army, the Air Force, and the Navy."

The current positions, appointed by interim president Jeanine Áñez Chávez on 13 Nov 2019 are as follows:

Article 100 of the LOFA also states that these positions, and several others such as Chief of Police and Head of the Presidential, may be held "only once during the military career and for a time no greater than two years". This results in a fairly high turnover in the Bolivian High Command ,with continued service being prohibited by law. The last changes in High Command, under the previous President Evo Morales, occurred on 24 Dec 2018, 11 Dec 2017, 29 Dec 2016, 30 Dec 2015, 18 Dec 2014, 13 Dec 2013 and 3 Dec 2012.

Attempts to increase the maximum length of service for members of the High Command (and other positions) were made, unsuccessfully, under the Morales administration who wished to increase it to between 3 and 5 years.

Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces

No. Portrait Name
(birth–death)		 Term of office Defence branch Ref.
Took office Left office Time in office
General
Víctor Guzmán Bruno		 14 August 1991 20 August 1992 1 year, 6 days  Bolivian Air Force
General
Oscar Vargas Lorenzetti		 20 August 1992 15 December 1994 2 years, 117 days  Bolivian Army
General
Reynaldo Cáceres Quiroga		 15 December 1994 1 November 1996 1 year, 322 days  Bolivian Army
General
Hernán Aguilera Bianchi		 1 November 1996 14 November 1998 2 years, 13 days  Bolivian Army
Admiral
Jorge Zabala Ossio		 14 November 1998 24 November 2000 2 years, 10 days  Bolivian Navy
General
Alvin Anaya Kippes		 24 November 2000 8 August 2002 1 year, 257 days  Bolivian Army
Divisional general
Roberto Claros Flores
Acting		 8 August 2002 24 November 2003 1 year, 108 days  Bolivian Air Force
Admiral
Luis Alberto Aranda Granados [eo]		 24 November 2003 14 June 2005 1 year, 202 days  Bolivian Navy
Admiral
Marco Antonio Justiniano Escalante		 14 June 2005 24 January 2006 224 days  Bolivian Navy
Admiral
José Luis Cabás Villegas
Acting		 5 January 2009 24 January 2010 1 year, 19 days  Bolivian Navy
General
Carlos Ramiro de La Fuente Bloch		 24 January 2010 22 March 2011 1 year, 57 days  Bolivian Army
Admiral
Armando Pacheco Gutiérrez		 22 March 2011 5 January 2012 289 days  Bolivian Navy
General
Tito Roger Gandarillas		 5 January 2012 3 December 2012 333 days  Bolivian Air Force
General
Edwin de la Fuente		 3 December 2012 14 December 2013 1 year, 11 days  Bolivian Army
Admiral
Víctor Baldivieso Haché		 14 December 2013 22 December 2014 1 year, 8 days  Bolivian Navy
General
Omar Jaime Salinas Ortuño		 22 December 2014 30 December 2015 1 year, 8 days  Bolivian Army
General
Juan Gonzalo Durán Flores		 30 December 2015 29 December 2016 365 days  Bolivian Air Force
General
Luis Orlando Ariñez Bazán		 29 December 2016 11 December 2017 347 days  Bolivian Army
Admiral
Yamil Octavio Borda Sosa		 11 December 2017 24 November 2018 348 days  Bolivian Navy
General
Williams Kaliman
(born 1963)		 24 November 2018 13 November 2019 354 days  Bolivian Army
General
Carlos Orellana Centellas		 13 November 2019 29 December 2020 1 year, 46 days  Bolivian Army
General
César Moisés Vallejos Rocha		 29 December 2020 2021 340 days  Bolivian Air Force
General
Víctor Hugo Balderrama Quezada		 13 November 2025 Incumbent 352 days  Bolivian Army

Army

Coat of Arms of the Bolivian Army

The Bolivian Army (Ejército de Bolivia, EB) is the land branch of the armed forces of Bolivia. Together with the Bolivia army and air force, Bolivia is responsible for protecting Bolivia from internal and external threats and ensuring the independence of this country. The Bolivian Army has around 55,500 men. There are six military regions (regiones militares—RMs) in the army. The Army is organized into ten divisions. The Army maintains a small fleet of utility aircraft, primarily to support headquarters.

Combat units directly under the Army general command

Special forces command

The Special Forces command controls the following units:

  • 12th Ranger Regt. "MANCHEGO", Montero
  • 16th Infantry Regt. JORDAN, Riberalta (Special Forces)
  • 18th Parachute Infantry Regiment VICTORIA "Army Special Troops Training Center", Cochabamba
  • 24th Ranger Regiment (Mountain) MÉNDEZ ARCOS, Challapata

Army aviation command

Army aviation company 291 (La Paz), Army Aviation Company 292 (Santa Cruz)

  • 291st Cavalry Group (La Paz)

Regional

The Bolivian Army has six military regions (regiones militares—RMs) covering the various departments of Bolivia:

Army divisions

The army is organized into ten territorial divisions plus a mechanized division, each of which, with the exception of Viacha, occupy a region generally corresponding to the administrative departments, with some overlapping. These and their respective divisional headquarters and constituent units are:

RI: infantry regiment RC: cavalry regiment RA: artillery regiment Bat.Ing.: battalion engineer

Army organized has ten divisions controlling the following units:

Bolivian Snipers Dragunov SVD.

The Army maintains a small fleet of utility aircraft, primarily to support headquarters.

Equipment of the Army

Land equipment

SK105 Kürassier Tank of Bolivia.
7.5 cm FK 18 before a parade in Cochabamba.
EE-9 Cascavel of Bolivia.
Bolivian army equipment[unreliable source]
Tanks 54 SK-105 Kürassiers
Reconnaissance vehicles 24 EE-9 Cascavel
Armoured Personnel Carriers 50 M113 armored personnel carriers with local upgrades, 24 EE-11 Urutu APC,24 M9 half-track APC, 15 Cadillac Gage Commando V-150, 20 Mowag Roland local upgraded (Used by the military Police)
Artillery pieces and mortar 18 Type 54 122 mm howitzers, 6 M101 105 mm howitzers, 10 7.5 cm FK 18 howitzers, 6 Bofors 75 mm Model 1934 75 mm howitzers. Mortars: M-120 120 mm, M30 107 mm mortars, 250 M29 81 mm mortars, FM 81 mm, W87 81 mm, M-224 60 mm mortars AA artillery: 16 2×37 mm Type 65, 80 2×20 mm Oerlikon 20 mm cannon K20, 50 MANPAD HN-5 AT weapons:rocket launchers RPG-7, 200 66 mm M72A3 LAW, 90 mm M20A1, 90 mm M67 recoilless rifle, RCL 82 mm Type 65/78, RCL 106 mm M40A1,40 portable AT missile HJ-8AiB Red Arow
Transport TRANSPORT:DongFeng EQ 2081/2100, FEW C A1122J, Stayer 1491,16 Ford F-750, Unimog 416Dodge M-37 21⁄2 ton trucks, Engesa EE-15 trucks, Engesa EE-25 trucks, FIAT IVECO 619 5 ton trucksTACTICAL TRANSPORT VEHICLES:30 M988 HMMWV,40 Koyak local productionUTILITY TRANSPORT VEHICLES:Ford M151 jeep, CJ-5, CJ-7, Chrysler jeep Wrangler, BJ 2020VJ, horses (still used by the Bolivian cavalry units)[unreliable source]
Small Arms HANDGUNS: FN-35,Glock 17, Beretta Model 92F, SM Model 10 (all 9mm)[Source?], M1911A1 11,43 SMG: FMK 3, UZI, MAT 49 (all 9mm)Rifle: IMI Galil AR, M16A1, M4A1, Steyr AUG A1, SA 80, all (5.56 mm), FN-FAL, SIG-542, SIG-510-4, (all 7.62mm), Type 56–2(ak-47),SNIPER: Dragunov SVD, Mauser model 86SR, Steyr SSG-69P1AM Rifles:Steyr HS 50 12.7mmMG: M60, FN-MAG 60–20, SIG MG710-3 (all 7.62mm), Type 56 LMGGL:Type 87 35 mm, MM−1, M79, M203 (all 40 mm) Shotguns:Remington 870 and 11–87.

Air equipment

Uniforms

A Bolivian Army soldier armed with a 7.62mm FN FAL rifle stands guard during Fuerzas Unidas Bolivia, a joint U.S. and Bolivian training exercise in April 1986.

Army officers, NCOs, and enlisted personnel generally wear gray or, for tropical areas, gray-green service uniforms. Army fatigue uniforms are olive green, and combat uniforms are of US woodland pattern camouflage. The standard headgear for enlisted personnel is the beret bearing the national colors of red, yellow and green. Paratroops (paracaidistas) were distinguished by black berets, and Special Forces by green berets.

Air Force

Coat of arms of the Bolivian Air Force

The Bolivian air force (Fuerza Aérea Boliviana, FAB) is the air branch of the armed forces of Bolivia. The Bolivian Air Force has nine air bases, located at La Paz, Cochabamba, Santa Cruz, Puerto Suárez, Tarija, Villamontes, Cobija, Riberalta, and Roboré.

Major commands included the following:

K-8VB Karakorum of the FAB

Units under direct control of the general command of the FAB

  • Tactical air group 62 (air base Riberalta): squadron 620
  • Air group 64: squadron (air base Cobija) 640
  • Transport air group 72 (air base Trinidad) : squadron 720
Coat of arms of the Bolivian Navy

The Bolivian Naval Force (Fuerza Naval Boliviana in Spanish), formerly Bolivian Navy (Armada Boliviana) is a naval force about 5,000 strong in 2008. Although Bolivia has been landlocked since the War of the Pacific in 1879, Bolivia established a River and Lake Force (Fuerza Fluvial y Lacustre) in January 1963 under the Ministry of National Defense. It consisted of four boats supplied from the United States and 1,800 personnel recruited largely from the army. Bolivia's naval force was renamed the Bolivian Naval Force (Fuerza Naval Boliviana) in January 1966, but it also has been called the Bolivian Navy (Armada Boliviana). It became a separate branch of the armed forces in 1963. Bolivia has large rivers that are tributaries to the Amazon which are patrolled to prevent smuggling and drug trafficking. There is also a Bolivian Naval presence on Lake Titicaca, the highest navigable lake in the world, across which runs along the Peruvian frontier.

Naval Ensign of Bolivia

Landlocked Bolivia has not gotten over the loss of its coast to Chile, and the Navy still exists to keep the hope of recovering its coast alive by maintaining maritime consciousness. The Bolivian Navy takes part in many parades and government functions, but none more so than the Día Del Mar (Day of the Sea) in which Bolivia, every year, asks for the coast territories lost to Chile during the War of the Pacific (fought between Peru and Bolivia against Chile) from 1879 to 1884. This still effects Bolivia, influencing many modern-day political actions and trade decisions.

Districts

The Navy is organized into ten naval districts, with flotilla headquarters in Guaqui, Guayaramerín, Puerto Suárez, Riberalta, and San Pedro de Tiquina, and bases in Puerto Busch, Puerto Horquilla, Puerto Villarroel, Trinidad, and Rurrenabaque.

Naval vessels include several dozen boats, dozen or more of which are for riverine patrol, including the piranias, and riders, which are powerful river boats. In addition, Bolivia has several seagoing vessels, including the Santa Cruz de la Sierra (PR-51), and several flagged ships that sail with the permission of the "Capitanias Navales" Naval Registration Office. The Libertador Simón Bolívar, a ship acquired from Venezuela, use to navigate from its home port in Rosario, Argentina on the Paraná River. In 1993, the Navy was formally renamed the Naval Force (Fuerza Naval) and moved with the Bolivian Army under a single military authority.

Most of the officers are often educated in the Naval Academy where they graduate with a BS in Military and Naval Science, diploma accredited by the Military University and then they do other studies at the bachelor's degree and master's level. Argentina has their Naval Military Group in Bolivia advising at the highest level in naval strategy and tactics. Many Bolivian officers practice ocean sailing in Argentinean big naval ships. The Bolivian Navy has several Special Forces units to address both internal and external conflicts.

Marines of Bolivia marching in Cochabamba.

The Bolivian Naval Force covers the extensive river and lake Bolivian territory divided between the following functions Naval Districts, note that the names of these units are derived from the basin or region where they operate:

Marine corps

Bolivian Marines above inflatable boats.

The Marine component of the FNB originated with the creation of the Marine Battalion Almirante Grau in the early 1980s. This unit of 600 men is based on Tiquina naval base on Lake Titicaca. Later changes name to Marine Battalion Independence, based in Chua (Not to be confused with the Independence RI17 EB).At present this battalion maintains a similar number of troops including premilitares. Staff of this unit is part of Task Force Blue Devils or are stationed in various naval bases. There are currently seven infantry battalions which are distributed as follows:

  • Primer Distrito Naval "BENI"- First Naval District "BENI"
    • Batallón de Infantería de Marina I "Bagué"- 1st Marine Battalion "Bagué"
  • Segundo Distrito Naval "MAMORE"- Second Naval District "MAMORA"
    • Batallón de Infantería de Marina II "Tocopilla"- 2nd Marine Battalion "Tocopilla"
  • Tercer Distrito Naval "MADERA"- Third Naval District "MADERA"
    • Batallón de Infantería de Marina III "Mejillones"- Marine Battalion III "Mejillones"
  • Cuarto Distrito Naval "TITICACA"- Fourth Naval District Titicaca
    • Batallón de Infantería de Marina IV "Alianza " -Marine Infantry Battalion IV "Alliance"
    • Batallón de Infantería de Marina Mecanizada VI "Independencia"- Marine Infantry Battalion Mechanized VI "Independence"
  • Quinto Distrito Naval "SANTA CRUZ DE LA SIERRA"- Fifth Naval District "SANTA CRUZ DE LA SIERRA"
    • Batallón de Infantería de Marina V "Calama"- Marine Battalion V Calama
  • Sexto Distrito Naval "COBIJA"- Sixth Naval District "COBIJA"
    • Batallón de Infantería de Marina VII "Columna Porvenir"- Marine Battalion VII "Columna Porvenir"

This specialty is essentially similar to its counterpart in the Army, carrying out operations such as Important Persons Protection (IPP) Physical Security (SEF) or Patrol Facility (PAT), with additions such as signals or naval protocol. There Naval detachments of PM in all district headquarters or FNB Naval Area. But only have the following units at the Battalion:

  • AN 4 " La Paz "- AN 4 "La Paz"
    • Batallón de Policía Militar Naval N° 1- 1st Naval Military Police Battalion
  • AN 1 "COCHABAMBA"- AN 1 "Cochabamba"
    • Batallón de Policia Militar Naval N° 2 "Carcaje"- 2nd Naval Military Police Battalion "Quiver"
  • AN 2 "SANTA CRUZ"- AN 2 "SANTA CRUZ"
  • Batallón de Policía Militar Naval N° 3 -Naval Military Police Battalion No. 3
  • Cuarto Distrito Naval "TITICACA"- Fourth Naval District Titicaca
    • Batallón de Policía Militar Naval N° 4- Naval Military Police Battalion No. 4

Equipment

Boats

The Bolivian Navy has a total of 173 vessels, mostly stationed on Lake Titicaca:

  • PATROL:
  • 1 Class PR-51
  • 6 class boats Cap. Bretel Bretel
  • 4 patrol boats lake
  • 32 Boston Whaler
  • UNITS SALVAGE:
  • 8 Piranha assault boats Mk.1
  • 3 Boats hospitals
  • 2 Transport of hydrocarbons
  • 2 Tanker Ships
  • 1 Transport
  • 1 Ship "Naval School" [citation needed]

Training installations

Training installations include the Garras International Antinarcotics Training School (Escuela Garras del Valor) is a military training facility located in Bolivia, which trains military and law enforcement personnel from Bolivia and other Latin American countries[citation needed] in counternarcotics, intelligence, and counterinsurgency techniques.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Ley Orgánica de las FFAA" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 August 2020.
  2. ↑ "CIA World Facts". Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  3. ↑ "Bolivia-Military Spendings". Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  4. ↑ "Bolivian Defence Spending Increases". Retrieved 23 August 2020.
  5. ↑ Guillemí, Rubén (13 November 2019). "Evo y los militares, una relación con altibajos que tuvo un abrupto fin". La Nación (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 August 2020.
  6. ↑ "Página Siete" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
  7. ↑ "El Deber" (in Spanish). 25 March 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
  8. ↑ "Bolivia (Plurinational State of)'s Constitution of 2009" (PDF). constituteproject.org PDF generated: 27 Apr 2022, 10:44.
  9. ↑ Corz, Carlos (13 November 2019). "Áñez posesiona al Alto Mando de las FFAA; les dice que el país los necesita para mantener la paz" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 13 November 2019.
  10. 1 2 "Nuevo mando militar será posesionado hoy". Los Tiempos. 14 December 2013.
  11. ↑ Montero, Baldwin. "Gobierno y FFAA reafirman su cohesión en jura del nuevo Alto Mando Militar". la-razon.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 16 February 2020.
  12. ↑ Valdés, Kattya (20 December 2018). "Presidente anuncia para el lunes 24 cambio del Alto Mando en las FFAA y la Policía". la-razon.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 31 January 2020.
  13. ↑ Baldwin, Montero. "Nuevo Alto Mando de las FFAA asume compromiso de apoyo a la agenda 2025". la-razon.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 26 December 2019.
  14. ↑ "Posesionan al nuevo Alto Mando de las FFAA; una mujer es jefa del Estado Mayor". Los Tiempos. 30 December 2015.
  15. ↑ "Morales posesiona a nuevo alto mando militar de las FFAA". Los Tiempos. 18 December 2014.
  16. ↑ "Morales posesiona a nuevo Alto Mando Militar". Los Tiempos. 3 December 2012.
  17. ↑ Farfán, Williams. "FFAA define que Comandante en Jefe ocupe el cargo tres años". la-razon.com (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 20 December 2017.
  18. ↑ "Bolivia: Decreto Presidencial Nº 22888, 14 de agosto de 1991". lexivox.org/ (in Spanish). 22 October 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
  19. ↑ "Bolivia: Decreto Presidencial Nº 23240, 20 de julio de 1992". lexivox.org/ (in Spanish). 22 October 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
  20. ↑ "Bolivia: Decreto Presidencial Nº 23910, 15 de diciembre de 1994". lexivox.org/ (in Spanish). 4 June 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
  21. ↑ "Bolivia: Decreto Presidencial Nº 24401, 1 de noviembre de 1996". lexivox.org/ (in Spanish). 22 October 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
  22. ↑ "FFAA: Presidente relevará al Alto Mando Militar". noticiasfides.com (in Spanish). 22 November 2000. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
  23. ↑ "Bolivia: Decreto Presidencial Nº 25992, 24 de noviembre de 2000". lexivox.org (in Spanish). 22 October 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
  24. ↑ "Bolivia: Decreto Presidencial Nº 26757, 8 de agosto de 2002". lexivox.org (in Spanish). 27 June 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
  25. ↑ "Bolivia: Decreto Presidencial Nº 27257, 24 de noviembre de 2003". lexivox.org (in Spanish). 22 October 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
  26. ↑ "Bolivia: Decreto Presidencial Nº 28202, 14 de junio de 2005". lexivox.org (in Spanish). 27 June 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
  27. ↑ "Bolivia: Decreto Presidencial Nº 29880, 5 de enero de 2009". lexivox.org (in Spanish). 27 June 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
  28. ↑ "Presidente boliviano renueva cúpula militar". reuters.com (in Spanish). 5 January 2009. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
  29. ↑ "Bolivia: Decreto Presidencial Nº 408, 24 de enero de 2010". lexivox.org (in Spanish). 4 June 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
  30. ↑ "Bolivia: Decreto Presidencial Nº 825, 22 de marzo de 2011". lexivox.org (in Spanish). 22 October 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
  31. ↑ "Gral. Tito Roger Gandarillas nuevo Comandante en Jefe de las FF.AA". impresa.lapatria.bo (in Spanish). 5 January 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  32. ↑ "Presidente releva al Alto Mando Militar y posesiona al general Edwin de la Fuente como comandante de las FFAA". la-razon.com (in Spanish). 3 December 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  33. ↑ "El presidente de Bolivia nombra nuevos jefes de las Fuerzas Armadas". AméricaEconomía (in Spanish). 14 December 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  34. ↑ "Bolivia renueva el Alto Mando de sus Fuerzas Armadas". infodefensa.com (in Spanish). 22 December 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  35. ↑ Jaramillo, Diego (30 December 2015). "Gonzalo Durán, nuevo comandante de las FFAA". eldeber.com.bo (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  36. ↑ "Morales posesiona al nuevo Alto Mando Militar con ruptura de la secuencia de mando". paginasiete.bo (in Spanish). 29 December 2016. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  37. ↑ "Almirante Yamil Borda Sosa es Comandante en Jefe de FFAA". eldiario.net (in Spanish). 11 December 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  38. ↑ "El general Williams Kaliman Romero asume como comandante en jefe de las FFAA". Los Tiempos. 24 December 2018.
  39. ↑ "El Gral. Carlos Orellana es el nuevo comandante en jefe de las FFAA de Bolivia". fmbolivia.com.bo/ (in Spanish). 13 November 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  40. ↑ "Cesar Vallejos asume como nuevo Comandante en Jefe de las Fuerzas Armadas". La Patria Bolivia (in Spanish). 29 December 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2026.
  41. ↑ Cabrera, Ariel Melgar (13 November 2025). "Rodrigo Paz posesiona al nuevo Alto Mando Militar y anuncia una "nueva era" para las Fuerzas Armadas". El deber (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 September 2026.
  42. 1 2 "ORBAT del Ejercito de Bolivia". Archived from the original on 9 February 2009. Retrieved 28 August 2009. Alt URL
  43. 1 2 Carroll, Rory; Schipani, Andres (27 August 2008). "Bolivia's landlocked sailors pine for the high seas". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
  44. ↑ Chantelle, Bacigalupo (22 March 2019). "Every year on 'Día Del Mar,' Bolivia celebrates the coastline they lost". PRI.org. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
  45. ↑ "United States promotes rule of law, transparency in the Americas". Embassy of the United States: Montevideo. 26 May 2005. Archived from the original on 17 March 2008. Retrieved 3 February 2010.
  46. ↑ "Andean Counterdrug Initiative: International Narcotics and Law Enforcement: FY 2002 Budget Justification". U.S. Dept. of State (official website). May 2001. Retrieved 3 February 2010.
  47. ↑ Ledebur, Kathryn (4 September 2008). "New York Times Misleads Readers on Drug War in Bolivia". Media Accuracy on Latin America. Retrieved 3 February 2010.