Biqulzar

Biqulzar (Harari: ቡቁልዘር Buqulzär) also spelled as Baqulzar or Bequl zar was a historical region located in eastern Ethiopia. According to Taddesse Tamrat, the state was positioned east of the Awash River however historian Hussein Ahmed, proposes it was a general term for districts east of Amhara region in the fourteenth century.

Etymology

Biqulzar originates from the Harari language meaning “verdure along a stream.” According to British historian George Huntingford, sixteenth century Adalite writer Arab Faqīh in his text Conquest of Abyssinia describes Biqulzar as "a river full of water."

History

According to fourteenth century Arab historian Ibn Fadlallah al-Umari, Biqulzar was one of Ifat's ancient metropolises or regions alongside Kwelgora, Hubat, Gidaya, Hargaya and Fedis.

In the fourteenth century, Ethiopian emperor Amda Seyon fought the Wargar or Warjih people in Biqulzar. According to Salvatore Tsdeschi, in 1332 Amda Seyon had summoned his vassal ruler of Ifat, Jamal ad-Din I in Biqulzar however Manfred Kropp believes Amda Seyon met with a distinct ruler of Biqulzar.

References

  1. ↑ Cerulli, Enrico (1941). "Il Sultanato Dello Scioa Nel Secolo Xiii Secondo Un Nuovo Documento Storico". Rassegna di Studi Etiopici. 1 (1). Istituto per l'Oriente C. A. Nallino: 39. JSTOR 41460159.
  2. ↑ Gelgelo, Surafel. HISTORY OF ETHIOPIA AND THE HORN (PDF). Ministry of Science and Higher education. p. 49.
  3. ↑ Feto, Jemal. A HISTORICAL SURVEY OF THE ISLAMIZATION OF ARSI OROMO: WITH PARTICULAR EMPHASIS ON GADAB AREA, 1935-2000 (PDF). Haramaya University. p. 11.
  4. ↑ Tamrat, Taddesse. Review: The Chronicle of 'Amde-Siyon. Cambridge University Press. p. 513. JSTOR 180118.
  5. ↑ Ahmed, Hussein (October 2021). Islam in Nineteenth-Century Wallo, Ethiopia Revival, Reform and Reaction. Brill. p. 6. ISBN 9789004492288.
  6. ↑ Gidaya. Encyclopedia Aethiopica.
  7. ↑ Huntingford ·, George (1989). The Historical Geography of Ethiopia From the First Century AD to 1704. British Academy. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-19-726055-5.
  8. ↑ TUFFA, TSEGAYE. THE DYNAMICS OF TULAMA OROMO IN THE HISTORY OF CONTINUITY AND CHANGE, CA. 1700-1880S (PDF). University of Toronto. p. 43.
  9. ↑ Braukamper, Ulrich (1977). "Islamic Principalities in Southeast Ethiopia Between the Thirteenth and Sixteenth Centuries (Part 1)". Ethiopianist Notes. 1 (1). Michigan State University Press: 23. JSTOR 42731359.
  10. ↑ Trimingham, J. (13 September 2013). Islam in Ethiopia. Taylor & Francis. p. 75. ISBN 9781136970221.
  11. ↑ Fauvelle, François-Xavier (22 November 2017). "The Sultanate of Awfāt, its capital and the necropolis of the Walasmaʿ". Annales Islamologiques (51). Institut français d'archéologie orientale: 239–295. doi:10.4000/anisl.4054.
  12. ↑ Hirsch, Bertrand (2020). "The account of the wars of King ʿAmda Ṣeyon against the Islamic sultanates, epic fiction of the fifteenth century". Médiévales. 79 (2). Presses universitaires de Vincennes: 91–116. doi:10.4000/medievales.11072.
  13. ↑ Kwelgora. Encyclopedia Aethiopica.
  14. ↑ Trimingham, J. (13 September 2013). Islam in Ethiopia. Taylor & Francis. p. 72. ISBN 9781136970221.
  15. ↑ Tamrat, Taddesse. Church and state (PDF). University of London. p. 156.
  16. ↑ Pankhurst, Richard (1997). Ethiopian borderlands. Red Sea Press. p. 41. ISBN 9780932415196.
  17. ↑ TEDESCHI, SALVATORE (1978). "LE GESTA DI 'AMDA-ṢEYON NELLA CRONOLOGIA E NELLA STORIA". Rassegna di Studi Etiopici. 27. Istituto per l'Oriente C. A. Nallino: 144. JSTOR 41299651.
  18. ↑ Jamal Ad-din Mansur. Encyclopedia Aethiopica.