Brazil nut

Brazil nut tree
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Ericales
Family: Lecythidaceae
Genus: Bertholletia
Bonpl.
Species:
B. excelsa
Binomial name
Bertholletia excelsa
Humb. & Bonpl.

Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) refers to a South American tree of the monotypic genus Bertholletia in the family Lecythidaceae as well as the tree's commercially-harvested edible seeds. It is one of the largest and longest-lived trees in the Amazon rainforest. The fruit and its nutshell – containing the edible nut – are relatively large and weigh as much as 2 kg (4.4 lb) in total. As food, Brazil nuts are notable for diverse content of micronutrients, especially a high amount of selenium. The wood of the Brazil nut tree is prized for its quality in carpentry, flooring, and heavy construction.

In 2024, the world production of Brazil nuts was 79,736 tonnes, with Brazil and Bolivia combined accounting for 87% of the total.

Common names

Brazil nut fruit attached to branch

In Portuguese-speaking countries, like Brazil, they are variously called "castanha-do-brasil" (meaning "chestnut from Brazil" in Portuguese), "castanha-do-pará" (meaning "chestnut from Pará" in Portuguese), castanha-da-amazônia, castanha-do-acre, "noz amazônica" (meaning "Amazonian nut" in Portuguese), noz boliviana, tocari (probably of Carib origin), and tururi (from Tupi turu'ri).

In various Spanish-speaking countries of South America, Brazil nuts are called castañas de Brasil, nuez de Brasil, or castañas de Pará (or Para), and also nuez amazónica or castaña amazónica ("Amazon nut").

In North America, as early as 1896, Brazil nuts were sometimes known by the slang term "nigger toes", a vulgarity that fell out of use after the racial slur became socially unacceptable.

Description

Freshly cut Brazil nut fruit
Brazil nuts in shell

The Brazil nut is a large tree, reaching 50 metres (160 feet) tall, with a trunk 1 to 2 m (3 to 7 ft) in diameter, making it among the largest of trees in the Amazon rainforest. It may live for 500 years or more, and can often reach a thousand years of age. The stem is straight and commonly without branches for well over half the tree's height, with a large, emergent crown of long branches above the surrounding canopy of other trees.

The bark is grayish and smooth. The leaves are dry-season deciduous, alternate, simple, entire or crenate, oblong, 20–35 centimetres (8–14 in) long, and 10–15 cm (4–6 in) broad. The flowers are small, greenish-white, in panicles 5–10 cm (2–4 in) long; each flower has a two-parted, deciduous calyx, six unequal cream-colored petals, and numerous stamens united into a broad, hood-shaped mass.[citation needed]

Reproduction

Brazil nut trees produce fruit almost exclusively in pristine forests, as disturbed forests lack the large-bodied bees of the genera Bombus, Centris, Epicharis, Eulaema, and Xylocopa, which are the only ones capable of pollinating the tree's flowers, with different bee genera being the primary pollinators in different areas, and different times of year. Brazil nuts have been harvested from plantations, but production is low and is currently not economically viable.

The fruit takes 14 months to mature after pollination of the flowers. The fruit itself is a large capsule 10–15 cm (4–6 in) in diameter, resembling a coconut endocarp in size and weighing up to 2 kg (4 lb 7 oz). It has a hard, woody shell 8–12 mm (3⁄8–1⁄2 in) thick, which contains eight to 24 wedge-shaped seeds 4–5 cm (1+5⁄8–2 in) long (the "Brazil nuts") packed like the segments of an orange, but not limited to one whorl of segments. Up to three whorls can be stacked onto each other, with the polar ends of the segments of the middle whorl nestling into the upper and lower whorls (see illustration above).

The capsule contains a small hole at one end, which enables large rodents like the agouti to gnaw it open. They then eat some of the seeds inside while burying others for later use; some of these are able to germinate into new Brazil nut trees. Most of the seeds are "planted" by the agoutis in caches during wet season, and the young saplings may have to wait years, in a state of dormancy, for a tree to fall and sunlight to reach it, when it starts growing again.

Taxonomy

The Brazil nut family, the Lecythidaceae, is in the order Ericales, as are other well-known plants such as blueberries, cranberries, sapote, gutta-percha, tea, phlox, and persimmons. The tree is the only species in the monotypic genus Bertholletia, named after French chemist Claude Louis Berthollet.

Distribution and habitat

The Brazil nut is native to the Guianas, Venezuela, Brazil, eastern Colombia, eastern Peru, and eastern Bolivia. It occurs as scattered trees in large forests on the banks of the Amazon River, Rio Negro, Tapajós, and the Orinoco. The fruit is heavy and rigid; when the fruits fall, they pose a serious threat to vehicles and potential for traumatic brain injury of people passing under the tree.

Production

Brazil nut production
2024, tonnes
 Brazil34,909
 Bolivia33,980
 Peru10,846
World79,736
Source: FAOSTAT
of the United Nations

In 2024, world production of Brazil nuts (in shells) was 79,736 tonnes, most of which derived from tropical Amazon forest regions of Brazil and Bolivia, which together produced 87% of the total (table).

Brazil nuts are traded both in-shell and shelled. Brazil is the main exporter of in-shell nuts, while Bolivia and Peru are the principal exporters of shelled kernels, reflecting a larger processing sector in the latter two countries. In 2024 the global Brazil nut export market was valued at about US$326 million, with Bolivia accounting for the largest share at 54% of total export value.

Environmental effects of harvesting

Since most of the production for international trade is harvested in the wild, the business arrangement has been advanced as a model for generating income from a tropical forest without destroying it. The nuts are most often gathered by migrant workers known as castañeros (in Spanish) or castanheiros (in Portuguese). Logging is a significant threat to the sustainability of the Brazil nut–harvesting industry.

Analysis of tree ages in areas that are harvested shows that moderate and intense gathering takes so many seeds that not enough are left to replace older trees as they die. Sites with light gathering activities had many young trees, while sites with intense gathering practices had nearly none.

Toxicity

Brazil nuts after shell removal

Brazil nuts are susceptible to contamination by aflatoxins, produced by fungi, once they fall to the ground. Aflatoxins can cause liver damage, including possible cancer, if consumed. Aflatoxin levels have been found in Brazil nuts during inspections that were far higher than the limits set by the EU. However, mechanical sorting and drying was found to eliminate 98% of aflatoxins; a 2003 EU ban on importation was rescinded after new tolerance levels were set.

The nuts may contain traces of radium, a radioactive element, with a kilogram of nuts containing an activity between 40 and 260 becquerels (1 and 7 nanocuries); although a small dose of radium, this exposure is higher than in common foods. According to Oak Ridge Associated Universities, elevated levels of radium in the soil do not directly cause the concentration of radium, but "the very extensive root system of the tree" can concentrate naturally occurring radioactive material, when present in the soil. Radium can be concentrated in nuts only if it is present in the soil.

Brazil nuts also contain barium, a metal with a chemical behavior quite similar to radium. While barium can have toxic side effects when ingested (weakness, vomiting, diarrhea, etc.) the amount present in Brazil nuts is too small to have noticeable health effects.

Nutrition

Brazil nuts, dried, unblanched, shelled
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy2,743 kJ (656 kcal)
12.27 g
Starch0.25 g
Sugars2.33 g
Dietary fiber7.5 g
66.43 g
Saturated15.137 g
Monounsaturated24.548 g
Polyunsaturated20.577 g
14.32 g
Amino acids
Tryptophan0.141 g
Threonine0.362 g
Isoleucine0.516 g
Leucine1.155 g
Lysine0.492 g
Methionine1.008 g
Phenylalanine0.630 g
Tyrosine0.420 g
Valine0.756 g
Arginine2.148 g
Histidine0.386 g
Alanine0.577 g
Aspartic acid1.346 g
Glutamic acid3.147 g
Glycine0.718 g
Proline0.657 g
Serine0.683 g
Vitamins and minerals
VitaminsQuantity
%DV†
Thiamine (B1)
51%
0.617 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
3%
0.035 mg
Niacin (B3)
2%
0.295 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
4%
0.184 mg
Vitamin B6
6%
0.101 mg
Folate (B9)
6%
22 μg
Vitamin C
1%
0.7 mg
Vitamin E
38%
5.73 mg
MineralsQuantity
%DV†
Calcium
12%
160 mg
Iron
14%
2.43 mg
Magnesium
90%
376 mg
Manganese
52%
1.2 mg
Phosphorus
58%
725 mg
Potassium
22%
659 mg
Sodium
0%
3 mg
Zinc
37%
4.06 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water3.48 g
Selenium1917 μg
Beta-sitosterol64 mg
Link to USDA Database entry
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.

Brazil nuts are 3% water, 14% protein, 12% carbohydrates, and 66% fats (table). The fat components are 16% saturated, 24% monounsaturated, and 24% polyunsaturated (source in nutrition table).

In a reference amount of 100 grams (3.5 oz), Brazil nuts supply 659 calories, and are a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of thiamin, vitamin E, magnesium, phosphorus, manganese, potassium, and zinc. Calcium and iron are present in moderate amounts (10–19% DV; table).

Selenium

Brazil nuts are a particularly rich source of selenium, with just 28 g (0.99 oz) – a standard serving of around 6 to 8 nuts, depending on size – has an average of 544 micrograms of selenium or 10 times the DV of 55 micrograms (nutrition table). However, the amount of selenium within batches of nuts may vary considerably.

The high selenium content is used as a biomarker in studies of selenium intake and deficiency. Consumption of just one Brazil nut per day over 8 weeks was sufficient to restore selenium blood levels and increase HDL cholesterol in obese women.

Oil

Brazil nut oil

Brazil nut oil contains 82% unsaturated fatty acids, composed mainly of oleic and linoleic acids, as well as the phytosterol beta-sitosterol and fat-soluble vitamin E.

Properties of vegetable oils

The nutritional values are expressed as percent (%) by mass of total fat.
TypeProcessing
treatment		Saturated
fatty acids		Monounsaturated
fatty acids		Polyunsaturated
fatty acids		Smoke point
TotalOleic
acid
(ω−9)		Totalα-Linolenic
acid
(ω−3)		Linoleic
acid
(ω−6)		ω−6:3
ratio
Avocado11.670.667.913.5112.512.5:1250 °C (482 °F)
Brazil nut17.626.726.155.70.155.6457:1208 °C (406 °F)
Canola7.463.361.828.19.118.62:1204 °C (400 °F)
Coconut82.56.361.70.0191.6888:1175 °C (347 °F)
Corn12.927.627.354.715858:1232 °C (450 °F)
Cottonseed25.917.81951.915454:1216 °C (420 °F)
Cottonseedhydrogenated93.61.50.60.20.31.5:1
Flaxseed/linseed9.018.41867.853130.2:1107 °C (225 °F)
Grape seed 9.616.115.8  69.90.1069.6very high216 °C (421 °F)
Hemp seed7.09.09.082.022.054.02.5:1166 °C (330 °F)
High-oleic safflower oil7.575.275.212.8012.8very high212 °C (414 °F)
Olive (extra virgin)13.873.071.310.50.79.814:1193 °C (380 °F)
Palm49.337.0409.30.29.145.5:1235 °C (455 °F)
Palmhydrogenated88.25.70
Peanut16.257.155.419.90.31819.661.6:1232 °C (450 °F)
Rice bran oil2538.438.436.62.234.415.6:1232 °C (450 °F)
Sesame14.239.739.341.70.341.3138:1
Soybean15.622.822.657.77517.3:1238 °C (460 °F)
Soybeanpartially hydrogenated14.943.042.537.62.634.913.4:1
Sunflower oil8.9963.462.920.70.1620.5128:1227 °C (440 °F)
Walnut oilunrefined9.122.822.263.310.452.95:1160 °C (320 °F)

Uses

Wood

The lumber from Brazil nut trees (not to be confused with Brazilwood) is of excellent quality, having diverse uses from flooring to heavy construction. Logging the trees is prohibited by law in all three producing countries (Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru). Illegal extraction of timber and land clearances present continuing threats. In Brazil, cutting down a Brazil nut tree requires previous authorization from the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources.

Other uses

Brazil nut oil is used as a lubricant in clocks and in the manufacturing of paint and cosmetics, such as soap and perfume.

Because of its hardness, the Brazil nutshell is often pulverized and used as an abrasive to polish materials, such as metals and ceramics, in the same way as jeweler's rouge, while charcoal from the shells can be used to purify water.

See also

References

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  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Mori, Scott A. "The Brazil Nut Industry – Past, Present, and Future". The New York Botanical Garden. Retrieved July 17, 2012.
  3. ↑ "Nomes comuns: castanha-do-brasil, castanha-do-pará ou castanha-da-amazônia" (PDF). - Folder Embrapa
  4. ↑ COSTA, J. R. (et al.).Uma das espécies nativas mais valiosas da floresta amazônica de terra firme é a castanha-do-brasil ou castanha-da-amazônia (Bertholletia excelsa), - Acta Amazônica vol. 39(4) 2009: 843 - 850
  5. ↑ Filho, João Carlos Meireles (2004). O livro de ouro da Amazônia: mitos e verdades sobre a região mais cobiçada do planeta (in Brazilian Portuguese). Ediouro. ISBN 978-85-00-01357-7. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
  6. ↑ "Negócios para Amazônia sustentável" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2016. Retrieved July 8, 2023. - Ministério do Meio Ambiente. Rio de Janeiro, 2003. p. 50.
  7. ↑ Shepard, Glenn H.; Ramirez, Henri (March 2011). ""Made in Brazil": Human Dispersal of the Brazil Nut (Bertholletia excelsa, Lecythidaceae) in Ancient Amazonia1". Economic Botany. 65 (1): 44–65. doi:10.1007/s12231-011-9151-6. S2CID 43465637.
  8. ↑ Ferreira, A. B. H. (1986). Novo Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa (2nd edition). Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira. p. 1729
  9. ↑ PROYECTO PARA DECLARACIÓN DE ALÉRGENOS y SUSTANCIAS QUE PRODUCEN REACCIONES ADVERSAS EN LOS RÓTULOS DE LOS ALIMENTOS, CUALQUIERA SEA SU ORIGEN, ENVASADOS EN AUSENCIA DEL CLIENTE, LISTOS PARA SER OFRECIDOS AL CONSUMIDOR (DEC. 117/006 DEL RBN) [Project for Declaration of Allergens and Substances that produce adverse reactions in food labels, whatever their origin, packaged in the absence of the client, ready to be offered to the consumer] (PDF) (Report). Argentine government. n.d. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 23, 2024. Retrieved November 1, 2022.
  10. ↑ "Castaña". Observatorio de Frutos Amazónicos (in Spanish). Retrieved 2026-06-27.
  11. ↑ Lyons, A. B. (2015). Plant Names, Scientific and Popular (2nd ed.). Arkose Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-345-21184-9.
  12. ↑ Young, W. J. (1911). "The Brazil Nut". Botanical Gazette. 52 (3): 226–231. doi:10.1086/330613.
  13. ↑ ""Nigger", noun and adjective". Oxford English Dictionary. 2019. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
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  16. 1 2 Hennessey, Tim (March 2, 2001). "The Brazil Nut (Bertholletia excelsa)". Archived from the original on January 11, 2009. Retrieved July 17, 2012.
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  18. ↑ Nelson, B. W.; Absy, M. L.; Barbosa, E. M.; Prance, G. T. (January 1985). "Observations on flower visitors to Bertholletia excelsa H. B. K. and Couratari tenuicarpa A. C. Sm. (Lecythidaceae)". Acta Amazonica. 15 (1): 225–234. doi:10.1590/1809-43921985155234. S2CID 87265447. Retrieved 2023-06-06.
  19. ↑ Moritz, A. (1984). Estudos biológicos da floração e da frutificação da castanha-do-Brasil (Bertholletia excelsa HBK) [Biological studies of flowering and fruiting of Brazil nuts (Bertholleira excelsa HKB)] (in Portuguese). Vol. 29. Archived from the original on August 17, 2009. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
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  21. ↑ Ortiz, Enrique G. "The Brazil Nut Tree: More than just nuts". Archived from the original on February 16, 2008. Retrieved July 17, 2012.
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  47. 1 2 3 "FoodData Central". United States Department of Agriculture. 1 April 2019. All values in this table are from this database unless otherwise cited or when italicized as the simple arithmetic sum of other component columns.
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