Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 2

BIRC2
Identifiers
AliasesBIRC2, API1, HIAP2, Hiap-2, MIHB, RNF48, c-IAP1, cIAP1, baculoviral IAP repeat containing 2
External IDsOMIM: 601712; MGI: 1197009; GeneCards: BIRC2
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Enzyme activity
EC #BRENDAExPASyKEGGMetaCyc
2.3.2.27↗↗↗↗
Orthologs
DatabasesNCBI: entry; OMA: entry
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

329

11797

Ensembl

ENSG00000110330

ENSMUSG00000057367

UniProt

Q13490

Q62210

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001256166
NM_001166
NM_001256163

NM_007465
NM_001291503

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001157
NP_001243092
NP_001243095

NP_001278432
NP_031491

Location (UCSC)Chr 11: 102.35 – 102.38 MbChr 9: 7.82 – 7.84 Mb
PubMed search
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 2 (also known as cIAP1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BIRC2 gene. It belongs to the IAP family of proteins and therefore contains at least one BIR (baculoviral IAP repeat) domain. cIAP1 is a multi-functional protein which can be found in the cytoplasm of cells and in the nucleus of tumor cells. Its function in this particular case is yet to be understood. However, it is well known that this protein has a big influence in the growth of diverse cancers. cIAP1 is involved in the development process of osteosarcoma and gastric cancer among others.

Location

The cellular localization of cIAP1 is diverse depending on the phase of the living cycle of the cell. In healthy cells the protein is usually found in the nucleus. This was experimentally determined by immunofluorescence microscopy and subcellular fractionations methods. However, when the cell is apoptotic nuclear export of cIAP1 is induced provoking an increase in the cytosolic concentration of the protein. When a cell is tumorous it does not cease to proliferate inhibiting the apoptosis, as a result, in cancerous cells cIAP1 is rarely located in the cytoplasm.

In case of dividing cells, cIAP1 is released into the cytosol early in mitosis, then reaccumulated in nucleus in late anaphase and in telophase. Nevertheless, there is a pool of cIAP1 associated to the midbody that acts as the exception to the regular rule.

Structure

cIAP1 structure

The gene of cIAP1 resides on chromosome 11 and its protein has a quaternary structure. It has a unique protein chain, consequently, is an asymmetric monomer protein. Its tertiary structure is basically composed by alpha domain, formed almost exclusively from alpha helix. Its size is of 31,489 bases composed by 618 amino acids and has a molecular mass of 69900 Da. cIAP1 contains baculovirus IAP repeat domains that facilitate binding to caspases and other proteins. cIAP1 is recruited to TNF receptor complexes where they support cell survival through NF-κB activation while suppressing apoptosis by preventing caspase activation.

Function

cIAP1 is an inhibitor of apoptosis protein. It directly ubiquitinates RIP1 and induces constitutive RIP1 ubiquitination in cancer cells. Ubiquinated RIP1 associates with the prosurvival kinase TAK1. When this complex is deubiquinated apoptosis is induced.

The absence of cIAP1 means that RIP1 will remain nonubiquitinated. As a consequence RIP1 forms a cytosolic complex with the adaptor molecule FADD and caspase 8, which leads to cell death. When cIAP1 ubiquitinates RIP1 this molecule acts as a signal activating the canonical NF-κB signaling pathway. The activation of this pathway stops the noncanonical one and simultaneously the apoptosis.

cIAP1 is important for the activation of MAPK signaling. MAPKs are involved in directing cellular responses to a diverse array os stimuli, such as mitogens, osmotic stress, heat shock and proinflammatory cytokines regulating cell functions including proliferation, gene expression, differentiation, mitosis, cell survival or apoptosis.

cIAP1 is as well implicated in innate immunity. When NOD-like receptors are activated by bacterial peptidoglycans, they oligomerize and recruit cIAP1, cIAP2, TRAF2 and RIP2. This allows cIAP1 mediated ubiquitination of RIP2, which leads to an expression of proinflammatory genes.

Other activities of the cIAP1 have been reported by Yanfei Qi et al. It has got a critical role in controlling β-cell survival under endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) stress. Studies show that when the protein is exposed to palmitate the concentration of cIAP1 decreases and, as a result, the apoptosis is no longer inhibited resulting in the death of the cell. ER stress increases cIAP1 expression in cancer cells through the UPR pathway, that is why, the induction of cIAP1 is suggested to be important for cancerous cell survival under stress conditions.

Crohn's disease
cIAP1 is responsible for NOD signalling. When this signalling is defective, Crohn's disease is triggered. The most general symptoms of the disease are diarrhea, rectal bleeding and abdominal cramps and pain among others.
Pancreatic, liver, lung and oseophageal cancer
cIAP1 overexpression is directly related to the proliferation of the previously mentioned types of cancer. Several courses of treatment are focused on the removal of the IAPs to induce cells cytotoxicity.
Hemorrhage and Vascular Regression
cIAP1 has an important role on the maintenance of endothelial cells and blood vessel homeostasis during the development of the vessels. Mutations on the gene that encodes cIAP1 are related to hemorrhage and vascular regression because of the defects it represents on the endothelial cell survival and the modification of apoptosis.

Interactions

BIRC2 has been shown to interact with:

References

  1. 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000110330 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. 1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000057367 – Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ↑ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ↑ Liston P, Roy N, Tamai K, Lefebvre C, Baird S, Cherton-Horvat G, et al. (February 1996). "Suppression of apoptosis in mammalian cells by NAIP and a related family of IAP genes". Nature. 379 (6563): 349–353. Bibcode:1996Natur.379..349L. doi:10.1038/379349a0. PMID 8552191. S2CID 4305853.
  6. ↑ Rothe M, Pan MG, Henzel WJ, Ayres TM, Goeddel DV (February 1996). "The TNFR2-TRAF signaling complex contains two novel proteins related to baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis proteins". Cell. 83 (7): 1243–1252. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90149-3. PMID 8548810.
  7. ↑ Eckelman BP, Drag M, Snipas SJ, Salvesen GS (May 2008). "The mechanism of peptide-binding specificity of IAP BIR domains". Cell Death and Differentiation. 15 (5): 920–928. doi:10.1038/cdd.2008.6. PMID 18239672.
  8. ↑ Ma O, Cai WW, Zender L, Dayaram T, Shen J, Herron AJ, et al. (March 2009). "MMP13, Birc2 (cIAP1), and Birc3 (cIAP2), amplified on chromosome 9, collaborate with p53 deficiency in mouse osteosarcoma progression". Cancer Research. 69 (6): 2559–2567. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-2929. PMC 2663905. PMID 19276372.
  9. ↑ Park YM, Hong SW, Moon JH, Shin JS, Lee HR, Ha SH, et al. (2015). "Cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1 (cIAP1) stability contributes to YM155 resistance in human gastric cancer cells". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 290 (16): 9974–9985. doi:10.1074/jbc.M114.600874. PMC 4400372. PMID 25635055.
  10. ↑ Wang H, Zhang B, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Sun X, Xiao G, et al. (2016). "LCL161 increases paclitaxel-induced apoptosis by degrading cIAP1 and cIAP2 in NSCLC". Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research. 35 (1) 158. doi:10.1186/s13046-016-0435-7. PMC 5062899. PMID 27737687.
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Further reading