The Carangiformes has traditionally been regarded as a monotypic order with only the familyCarangidae within it by taxonomic authorities; other families currently part of the order were previously classified as part of the wider order Perciformes. The 5th edition of Fishes of the World classify six families within Carangiformes, with more recent authorities expanding the order to include up to 30 families, based on phylogenetic evidence.
Description
While the expanded order Carangiformes is primarily defined by molecular data, the core group (suborder Carangoidei) shares specific synapomorphies:
Most carangiforms are medium to large-sized predatory fish, ranging from 22cm (8.7in) to 2.5m (8.2ft) in length.[citation needed] Body shapes vary from slender and fusiform (e.g., barracudas, cobia) to deep-bodied and laterally compressed (e.g., trevallies, moonfish, flatfishes). Most species are marine, inhabiting primarily tropical and subtropical waters, though some are able to live in freshwater during certain parts of their lives (giant trevally, all archerfish), and some live entirely in freshwater (river tonguesole).
Classification
The order Carangiformes has historically been either subsumed within Perciformes or used exclusively for the families in the suborder Carangoidei (Carangidae, Coryphaenidae, Rachycentridae, Echeneidae, and Nematistiidae). However, recent genetic studies have redefined the group to resolve the paraphyly of Perciformes, incorporating many more groups such as the highly specialized flatfishes.
Within the suborder Carangoidei, Coryphaenidae, Rachycentridae, and Echeneidae have been suggested to comprise a monophyletic grouping (dubbed "Echeneoidea"), which has been recovered as a sister clade to the Carangidae. Additionally, the family Carangidae is paraphyletic in the traditional sense; the "Echeneoidea" clade are more closely related to two carangid subfamilies (Scomberoidinae and Trachinotinae) than they are to the other two subfamilies (Naucratinae and Caranginae). This has been consistently found by studies, which propose the elevation of the subfamily Trachinotinae into the family Trachinotidae to reflect this finding.
12E. O. Wiley & G. David Johnson: A teleost classification based on monophyletic groups.Joseph S. Nelson, Hans-Peter Schultze & Mark V. H. Wilson: Origin and Phylogenetic Interrelationships of Teleosts. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München 2010, ISBN 978-3-89937-107-9
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