Chen's theorem

In number theory, Chen's theorem states that every sufficiently large even number can be written as the sum of either two primes or a prime and a semiprime (the product of two primes).

It is a weakened form of Goldbach's conjecture, which states that every even number is the sum of two primes.

History

The theorem was first stated by Chinese mathematician Chen Jingrun in 1966, with further details of the proof in 1973. His original proof was much simplified by P. M. Ross in 1975. Chen's theorem is a significant step towards Goldbach's conjecture, and a celebrated application of sieve methods.

Chen's theorem represents the strengthening of a previous result due to Alfréd Rényi, who in 1947 had shown there exists a finite K such that any even number can be written as the sum of a prime number and the product of at most K primes.

Variations

Chen's 1973 paper stated two results with nearly identical proofs.^: 158 His Theorem I, on the Goldbach conjecture, was stated above. His Theorem II is a result on the twin prime conjecture. It states that if h is a positive even integer, there are infinitely many primes p such that p + h is either prime or the product of two primes.

Ying Chun Cai proved the following in 2002:

There exists a natural number $N$ such that every even integer $n$ larger than $N$ is a sum of a prime less than or equal to $n^{0.95}$ and a number with at most two prime factors.

In 2022, Daniel R. Johnston, Matteo Bordignon, and Valeriia Starichkova provided an explicit version of Chen's theorem:

Every even number greater than $e^{e^{32.7}} \approx 1.4 \cdot 1 0^{69057979807814}$ can be represented as the sum of a prime and a square-free number with at most two prime factors.

which refined upon an earlier result by Tomohiro Yamada. Also in 2024, Bordignon and Starichkova showed that the bound can be lowered to $e^{e^{15.85}} \approx 3.6 \cdot 1 0^{3321634}$ assuming the generalized Riemann hypothesis (GRH) for Dirichlet L-functions.

In 2019, Huixi Li gave a version of Chen's theorem for odd numbers. In particular, Li proved that every sufficiently large odd integer $N$ can be represented as

N = p + 2 a,

where $p$ is prime and $a$ has at most 2 prime factors. Here, the factor of 2 is necessitated since every prime (except for 2) is odd, causing $N - p$ to be even. Li's result can be viewed as an approximation to Lemoine's conjecture.

References

Citations

↑ Chen, J.R. (1966). "On the representation of a large even integer as the sum of a prime and the product of at most two primes". Kexue Tongbao. 11 (9): 385–386.
1 2 Chen, J.R. (1973). "On the representation of a larger even integer as the sum of a prime and the product of at most two primes". Sci. Sinica. 16: 157–176.
↑ Ross, P.M. (1975). "On Chen's theorem that each large even number has the form (p₁+p₂) or (p₁+p₂p₃)". J. London Math. Soc. Series 2. 10, 4 (4): 500–506. doi:10.1112/jlms/s2-10.4.500.
↑ University of St Andrews - Alfréd Rényi
↑ Rényi, A. A. (1948). "On the representation of an even number as the sum of a prime and an almost prime". Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR. Seriya Matematicheskaya (in Russian). 12: 57–78.
↑ Cai, Y.C. (2002). "Chen's Theorem with Small Primes". Acta Mathematica Sinica. 18 (3): 597–604. doi:10.1007/s101140200168. S2CID 121177443.
↑ Johnston, Daniel R.; Bordignon, Matteo; Starichkova, Valeriia (2025-01-28). "An explicit version of Chen's theorem". arXiv:2207.09452 [math.NT].
↑ Yamada, Tomohiro (2015-11-11). "Explicit Chen's theorem". arXiv:1511.03409 [math.NT].
↑ Bordignon, Matteo; Starichkova, Valeriia (2024). "An explicit version of Chen's theorem assuming the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis". The Ramanujan Journal. 64 (4): 1213–1242. arXiv:2211.08844. doi:10.1007/s11139-024-00866-x.
↑ Li, H. (2019). "On the representation of a large integer as the sum of a prime and a square-free number with at most three prime divisors". Ramanujan J. 49: 141–158. doi:10.1007/s11139-018-0010-2.

Books

Nathanson, Melvyn B. (1996). Additive Number Theory: the Classical Bases. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Vol. 164. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-94656-X. Chapter 10.
Wang, Yuan (1984). Goldbach conjecture. World Scientific. ISBN 9971-966-09-3.

External links

Jean-Claude Evard, Almost twin primes and Chen's theorem
Weisstein, Eric W. "Chen's Theorem". MathWorld.

[1] Chen, J.R. (1966). "On the representation of a large even integer as the sum of a prime and the product of at most two primes". Kexue Tongbao. 11 (9): 385–386.

[Chen_1973-2] 1 2 Chen, J.R. (1973). "On the representation of a larger even integer as the sum of a prime and the product of at most two primes". Sci. Sinica. 16: 157–176.

[3] Ross, P.M. (1975). "On Chen's theorem that each large even number has the form (p₁+p₂) or (p₁+p₂p₃)". J. London Math. Soc. Series 2. 10, 4 (4): 500–506. doi:10.1112/jlms/s2-10.4.500.

[4] University of St Andrews - Alfréd Rényi

[Alfréd_Rényi_1948-5] Rényi, A. A. (1948). "On the representation of an even number as the sum of a prime and an almost prime". Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR. Seriya Matematicheskaya (in Russian). 12: 57–78.

[6] Cai, Y.C. (2002). "Chen's Theorem with Small Primes". Acta Mathematica Sinica. 18 (3): 597–604. doi:10.1007/s101140200168. S2CID 121177443.

[7] Johnston, Daniel R.; Bordignon, Matteo; Starichkova, Valeriia (2025-01-28). "An explicit version of Chen's theorem". arXiv:2207.09452 [math.NT].

[8] Yamada, Tomohiro (2015-11-11). "Explicit Chen's theorem". arXiv:1511.03409 [math.NT].

[9] Bordignon, Matteo; Starichkova, Valeriia (2024). "An explicit version of Chen's theorem assuming the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis". The Ramanujan Journal. 64 (4): 1213–1242. arXiv:2211.08844. doi:10.1007/s11139-024-00866-x.

[10] Li, H. (2019). "On the representation of a large integer as the sum of a prime and a square-free number with at most three prime divisors". Ramanujan J. 49: 141–158. doi:10.1007/s11139-018-0010-2.